ArticleAddiction (Abingdon, England)2009
Changes in environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure over a 20-year period: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses.
Article in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Are there any differences in education levels and changes of cardiovascular risk factors among urban and rural population: Isfahan Healthy Heart Program.Journal of education and health promotion · 2015Article
- Protecting the world from secondhand tobacco smoke exposure: where do we stand and where do we go from here?Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2013Review
- Changes in environmental tobacco smoke exposure: the Beaver Dam experience.WMJ : official publication of the State Medical Society of Wisconsin · 2013Article
- Chapter 6: Lung cancer in never smokers: epidemiology and risk prediction models.Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis · 2012Article
- The effect of secondhand smoke exposure on the association between active cigarette smoking and colorectal cancer.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2010Article
- Cotinine-assessed second-hand smoke exposure and risk of cardiovascular disease in older adults.Heart (British Cardiac Society) · 2010Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
aimsTo examine long-term changes in environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in British men between 1978 and 2000, using serum cotinine.
designProspective cohort: British Regional Heart Study.
settingGeneral practices in 24 towns in England, Wales and Scotland.
participantsNon-smoking men: 2125 studied at baseline [questionnaire (Q1): 1978-80, aged 40-59 years], 3046 studied 20 years later (Q20: 1998-2000, aged 60-79 years) and 1208 studied at both times. Non-smokers were men reporting no current smoking with cotinine < 15 ng/ml at Q1 and/or Q20. MEASUREMENTS: Serum cotinine to assess ETS exposure.
findingsIn cross-sectional analysis, geometric mean cotinine level declined from 1.36 ng/ml [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.31, 1.42] at Q1 to 0.19 ng/ml (95% CI: 0.18, 0.19) at Q20. The prevalence of cotinine levels < or = 0.7 ng/ml [associated with low coronary heart disease (CHD) risk] rose from 27.1% at Q1 to 83.3% at Q20. Manual social class and northern region of residence were associated with higher mean cotinine levels both at Q1 and Q20; older age was associated with lower cotinine level at Q20 only. Among 1208 persistent non-smokers, cotinine fell by 1.47 ng/ml (95% CI: 1.37, 1.57), 86% decline. Absolute falls in cotinine were greater in manual occupational groups, in the Midlands and Scotland compared to southern England, although percentage decline was very similar across groups.
conclusionsA marked decline in ETS exposure occurred in Britain between 1978 and 2000, which is likely to have reduced ETS-related disease risks appreciably before the introduction of legislation banning smoking in public places.
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