ArticleJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2009
Asthma-related environmental fungus, Alternaria, activates dendritic cells and produces potent Th2 adjuvant activity.
Article in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 113 citations in OpenAlex.
- Fungi in Asthma: From Epidemiology and Airway Mycobiome to Molecular Mechanisms and Novel Allergenic Phytopathogens.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Fungal Sensitization and the Manifestation of Asthmatic Features in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2026Article
- The OX40-OX40L Co-Stimulatory Pathway as a Shared Driver of Immune Persistence in Skin and Airway Inflammation.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Interleukin-4-producing type 2 innate lymphoid cells in the lymph node promote proallergic Tfh13 cell differentiation.Immunity · 2026Article
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- Characterisation ofJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- PIP-seq identifies novel heterogeneous lung innate lymphocyte population activation after combustion product exposure.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Adjuvant-independent airway sensitization and infection mouse models leading to allergic asthma.Frontiers in allergy · 2024Review
- Inhibiting Isoprenylation Suppresses FcεRI-Mediated Mast Cell Function and Allergic Inflammation.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2023Article
- Lung-resident CD69The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2023Article
- Going over Fungal Allergy:Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Allergen-induced DNA release by the airway epithelium amplifies type 2 immunity.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2023Article
- Airway administration of OM-85, a bacterial lysate, blocks experimental asthma by targeting dendritic cells and the epithelium/IL-33/ILC2 axis.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2022Article
- Recent Advances in Fungal Infections: From Lung Ecology to Therapeutic Strategies With a Focus onFrontiers in medicine · 2022Review
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- Airway Exposure to Polyethyleneimine Nanoparticles Induces Type 2 Immunity by a Mechanism Involving Oxidative Stress and ATP Release.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- CD4Trends in immunology · 2021Review
- Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Asthma is thought to result from dysregulated Th2-like airway inflammatory responses to the environment. Although the etiology of asthma is not fully understood in humans, clinical and epidemiological evidence suggest a potential link between exposure to environmental fungi, such as Alternaria, and development and/or exacerbation of asthma. The goal of this project was to investigate the mechanisms of airway Th2 responses by using Alternaria as a clinically relevant model for environmental exposure. Airway exposure of naive animals to an experimental Ag, OVA, or a common allergen, short ragweed pollen, induced no or minimal immune responses to these Ags. In contrast, mice developed strong Th2-like immune responses when they were exposed to these Ags in the presence of Alternaria extract. Extracts of other fungi, such as Aspergillus and Candida, showed similar Th2 adjuvant effects, albeit not as potently. Alternaria stimulated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) to express MHC class II and costimulatory molecules, including OX40 ligand, in vitro. Importantly, Alternaria inhibited IL-12 production by activated DCs, and DCs exposed to Alternaria enhanced Th2 polarization of CD4(+) T cells. Furthermore, adoptive airway transfer of DCs, which had been pulsed with OVA in the presence of Alternaria, showed that the recipient mice had enhanced IgE Ab production and Th2-like airway responses to OVA. Thus, the asthma-related environmental fungus Alternaria produces potent Th2-like adjuvant effects in the airways. Such immunogenic properties of certain environmental fungi may explain their strong relationships with human asthma and allergic diseases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.