ReviewNature reviews. Microbiology2009
The spike protein of SARS-CoV--a target for vaccine and therapeutic development.
Review in Nature reviews. Microbiology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05162482 (Immunogenicity and Safety of Heterologous Combinations of COVID-19 Vaccines Available Under Emergency Use Authorization in Pakistan), which is not on this map. Cited by 991 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Immunogenicity and Safety of Heterologous Combinations of COVID-19 Vaccines Available Under Emergency Use Authorization in Pakistan: A Randomized Phase II Trial
Who cites it
991 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Age-related differences in SARS-CoV-2 binding factors: An explanation for reduced susceptibility to severe COVID-19 among children?Paediatric respiratory reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Predictors of poor serologic response to COVID-19 vaccine in patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) · 2022Pooled it
- A personal COVID-19 dendritic cell vaccine made at point-of-care: Feasibility, safety, and antigen-specific cellular immune responses.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Trial
- Rational design of an optimized ferritin nanoparticle vaccine targeting both SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 drives upregulation of EpCAM in respiratory epithelial cells with hypercellular profile during severe COVID-19.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2026Article
- Molecular Surveillance of Coronaviruses in Riyadh (2025-2026): Persistent Genotype C and Conserved N-Glycosylation Motifs in Human Coronavirus OC43.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein-specific monoclonal antibodies as tools for studying its antigenic structure and interaction with host cells.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Nucleocapsid protein enhances spike- and RBD-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in protein-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Mutation and ACE2-induced allosteric network rewiring in Delta and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins.Biophysical journal · 2026Article
- A computational pipeline to discover potential cross-reactive antibodies: a case study on coronavirus.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Development of seropositivity to SARS-CoV-2 over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic in adolescents in a longitudinal cohort study in Cebu, Philippines.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Boswellic Acid Derived Molecules as SARS-Cov-2 Spike Protein Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Virtual Screening, Triplicate Molecular Dynamic Simulation and Biochemical Validation.Current medicinal chemistry · 2026Article
- Computational Optimization of CRISPR-Cas13a sgRNAs Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Gene for SHERLOCK-Based Diagnostics.Evolutionary bioinformatics online · 2026Article
- The Interaction Between Orientin and the Spike of SARS-CoV-2: An In Silico and Experimental Approach.Viruses · 2025Article
- Computational screening and molecular modeling of probiotic-derived peptides targeting the conserved HR1 domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Farm animal coronaviruses: the solution is in vaccines.The veterinary quarterly · 2025Review
- Patients with inflammatory bowel disease exhibit increased susceptibility to HCoV-NL63.Gut pathogens · 2025Article
- Mutation and ACE2-induced Allosteric Network Rewiring in Delta and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Indium Tin Oxide-Based Voltammetric Biosensor for the Detection of Antibodies Against the SARS-CoV-2 Virus Spike Protein.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
931 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly emerging infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV). The SARS-CoV spike (S) protein is composed of two subunits; the S1 subunit contains a receptor-binding domain that engages with the host cell receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and the S2 subunit mediates fusion between the viral and host cell membranes. The S protein plays key parts in the induction of neutralizing-antibody and T-cell responses, as well as protective immunity, during infection with SARS-CoV. In this Review, we highlight recent advances in the development of vaccines and therapeutics based on the S protein.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.