Trial reportAnesthesiology2009
Propofol and midazolam inhibit conscious memory processes very soon after encoding: an event-related potential study of familiarity and recollection in volunteers.
Trial report in Anesthesiology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of Ketamine and Midazolam on Simultaneous EEG/fMRI Data During Working Memory Processes.Brain topography · 2021Trial
- Midazolam and Ketamine Produce Distinct Neural Changes in Memory, Pain, and Fear Networks during Pain.Anesthesiology · 2021Trial
- Effect of propofol on the medial temporal lobe emotional memory system: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in human subjects.British journal of anaesthesia · 2015Trial
- Electrophysiological effects of psilocybin co-administered with midazolam.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- From Bench to Bedside: Understanding General Anesthetics' Impact on PTSD.Current neuropharmacology · 2026Review
- Effect of flumazenil on recovery of memory following recovery of consciousness from general anesthesia with remimazolam: a randomized, open-label, single-center controlled trial.JA clinical reports · 2025Article
- The amnesic effects of propofol on functional connectivity in the hippocampus determined by functional magnetic resonance imaging in volunteers.British journal of anaesthesia · 2025Article
- Neural correlates of systemic lidocaine administration in healthy adults measured by functional MRI: a single arm open label study.British journal of anaesthesia · 2025Article
- Co-administration of midazolam and psilocybin: differential effects on subjective quality versus memory of the psychedelic experience.Translational psychiatry · 2024Article
- Recovery of memory retention after anesthesia with remimazolam: an exploratory, randomized, open, propofol-controlled, single-center clinical trial.JA clinical reports · 2023Article
- Challenges of Delirium Management in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Practice.Current neuropharmacology · 2021Review
- Feasibility of measuring memory response to increasing dexmedetomidine sedation in children.British journal of anaesthesia · 2017Article
- Role of α4-containing GABABrain research · 2017Article
- Midazolam and atropine alter theta oscillations in the hippocampal CA1 region by modulating both the somatic and distal dendritic dipoles.Hippocampus · 2014Article
- Neural correlates of successful semantic processing during propofol sedation.Human brain mapping · 2014Article
- Chronic treatment with anesthetic propofol improves cognitive function and attenuates caspase activation in both aged and Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2014Article
- It is time to combine the two main traditions in the research on the neural correlates of consciousness: C = L × D.Frontiers in psychology · 2014Article
- The influence of stress at puberty on mood and learning: role of the α4βδ GABAA receptor.Neuroscience · 2013Review
- Rescue of cAMP response element-binding protein signaling reversed spatial memory retention impairments induced by subanesthetic dose of propofol.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2013Article
- α4βδ GABAA receptors and tonic inhibitory current during adolescence: effects on mood and synaptic plasticity.Frontiers in neural circuits · 2013Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIntravenous drugs active via gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors to produce memory impairment during conscious sedation. Memory function was assessed using event-related potentials (ERPs) while drug was present.
methodsThe continuous recognition task measured recognition of photographs from working (6 s) and long-term (27 s) memory while ERPs were recorded from Cz (familiarity recognition) and Pz electrodes (recollection recognition). Volunteer participants received sequential doses of one of placebo (n = 11), 0.45 and 0.9 microg/ml propofol (n = 10), 20 and 40 ng/ml midazolam (n = 12), 1.5 and 3 microg/ml thiopental (n = 11), or 0.25 and 0.4 ng/ml dexmedetomidine (n = 11). End-of-day yes/no recognition 225 min after the end of drug infusion tested memory retention of pictures encoded on the continuous recognition tasks.
resultsActive drugs increased reaction times and impaired memory on the continuous recognition task equally, except for a greater effect of midazolam (P < 0.04). Forgetting from continuous recognition tasks to end of day was similar for all drugs (P = 0.40), greater than placebo (P < 0.001). Propofol and midazolam decreased the area between first presentation (new) and recognized (old, 27 s later) ERP waveforms from long-term memory for familiarity (P = 0.03) and possibly for recollection processes (P = 0.12). Propofol shifted ERP amplitudes to smaller voltages (P < 0.002). Dexmedetomidine may have impaired familiarity more than recollection processes (P = 0.10). Thiopental had no effect on ERPs.
conclusionPropofol and midazolam impaired recognition ERPs from long-term memory but not working memory. ERP measures of memory revealed different pathways to end-of-day memory loss as early as 27 s after encoding.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.