ReviewHandbook of experimental pharmacology2009
Effects of nicotine in experimental animals and humans: an update on addictive properties.
Review in Handbook of experimental pharmacology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 193 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular and functional changes in neutrophilic granulocytes induced by nicotine: a systematic review and critical evaluation.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Nicotine induces abnormal motor coupling through sensitization of a mechanosensory circuit in Caenorhabditis elegans.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- Adolescent nicotine exposure affects later-life nicotine reward and withdrawal in mice.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2025Article
- Nicotine enhances the ability of cues to control behavior and evoke dopamine release in the dorsolateral striatum.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2025Article
- Exploring the Relationship Between Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Haplotype Variants, Personality, and Nicotine Usage in Women.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- A single-center case-control study of the association between dorsal striatal damage and nicotine addiction.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- The Smoky Impact of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors on Testicular Function.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Reinforcing and adverse observable effects of nicotine and minor tobacco alkaloids in squirrel monkeys.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2024Article
- L-theanine attenuates nicotine reward and withdrawal signs in mice.Neuroscience letters · 2023Article
- Article
- Altered neuronal activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex drives nicotine intake escalation.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2023Article
- Hyperconnectivity of two separate long-range cholinergic systems contributes to the reorganization of the brain functional connectivity during nicotine withdrawal in male mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Sex Differences in Psychostimulant Abuse: Implications for Estrogen Receptors and Histone Deacetylases.Genes · 2022Review
- Article
- Mechanisms Underlying Dopaminergic Regulation of Nicotine-Induced Kinetic Tremor.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
- Cigarette Smoke Extract, but Not Electronic Cigarette Aerosol Extract, Inhibits Monoamine OxidaseFrontiers in neuroscience · 2022Article
- Conservation of mechanisms regulating emotional-like responses on spontaneous nicotine withdrawal in zebrafish and mammals.Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry · 2021Article
- New Insights in the Involvement of the Endocannabinoid System and Natural Cannabinoids in Nicotine Dependence.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Lacidipine Attenuates Symptoms of Nicotine Withdrawal in Mice.Neurotoxicity research · 2021Article
- Translational Research in Nicotine Addiction.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2021Review
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Tobacco use through cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the developed world. Nicotine, a psychoactive component of tobacco, appears to play a major role in tobacco dependence, but the reinforcing effects of nicotine have often been difficult to demonstrate directly in controlled studies with laboratory animals or human subjects. Here we update our earlier review published in Psychopharmacology (Berl) in 2006 on findings obtained with various procedures developed to study dependence-related behavioral effects of nicotine in experimental animals and humans. Results obtained with drug self-administration, conditioned place preference, subjective reports of nicotine effects and nicotine discrimination indicate that nicotine can function as an effective reinforcer of drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior both in experimental animals and humans under appropriate conditions. Interruption of chronic nicotine exposure produces ratings of drug withdrawal and withdrawal symptoms that may contribute to relapse. Difficulties encountered in demonstrating reinforcing effects of nicotine under some conditions, relative to other drugs of abuse, may be due to weaker primary reinforcing effects of nicotine, to aversive effects produced by nicotine, or to a more critical contribution of environmental stimuli to the maintenance of drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior with nicotine than with other drugs of abuse. Several recent reports suggest that other chemical substances inhaled along with nicotine in tobacco smoke may play a role in sustaining smoking behavior. However, conflicting results have been obtained with mice and rats and these findings have not yet been validated in nonhuman primates or human subjects. Taken together, these findings suggest that nicotine acts as a typical drug of abuse in experimental animals and humans in appropriate situations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.