ArticleBMC immunology2009
Gut health immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory functions of gut enzyme digested high protein micro-nutrient dietary supplement-Enprocal.
Article in BMC immunology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunomodulatory Properties of Sweet Whey-Derived Peptides in THP-1 Macrophages.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Enzymatic Regulation of the Gut Microbiota: Mechanisms and Implications for Host Health.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- Complexification of In Vitro Models of Intestinal Barriers, A True Challenge for a More Accurate Alternative Approach.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Restored intestinal integrity, nutrients transporters, energy metabolism, antioxidative capacity and decreased harmful microbiota were associated with IUGR piglet's catch-up growth before weanling.Journal of animal science and biotechnology · 2022Article
- Favourable effects of whey protein on acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in a rat model.Archives of medical science : AMS · 2022Article
- Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Overview on In Vitro Models.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Capsaicin Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation and Barrier Dysfunction in Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cell Line-J2.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- Cytoplasmic Form of Carlr lncRNA Facilitates Inflammatory Gene Expression upon NF-κB Activation.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2017Article
- An optimized method for accurate quantification of cell migration using human small intestine cells.Metabolic engineering communications · 2016Article
- Ophthalmic Combination of SurR9-C84A and Trichostatin-A Targeting Molecular Pathogenesis of Alkali Burn.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2016Article
- Biodegradable Eri silk nanoparticles as a delivery vehicle for bovine lactoferrin against MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells.International journal of nanomedicine · 2016Article
- Clinical Potential of Hyperbaric Pressure-Treated Whey Protein.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2015Review
- High Hydrostatic Pressure Pretreatment of Whey Protein Isolates Improves Their Digestibility and Antioxidant Capacity.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2015Article
- Real-time cell analysis for monitoring cholera toxin-induced human intestinal epithelial cell response.Current microbiology · 2015Article
- Competitive inhibition of survivin using a cell-permeable recombinant protein induces cancer-specific apoptosis in colon cancer model.International journal of nanomedicine · 2015Article
- Article
- High hydrostatic pressure pre-treatment of whey proteins enhances whey protein hydrolysate inhibition of oxidative stress and IL-8 secretion in intestinal epithelial cells.Food & nutrition research · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEnprocal is a high-protein micro-nutrient rich formulated supplementary food designed to meet the nutritional needs of the frail elderly and be delivered to them in every day foods. We studied the potential of Enprocal to improve gut and immune health using simple and robust bioassays for gut cell proliferation, intestinal integrity/permeability, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities. Effects of Enprocal were compared with whey protein concentrate 80 (WPC), heat treated skim milk powder, and other commercially available milk derived products.
resultsEnprocal (undigested) and digested (Enprocal D) selectively enhanced cell proliferation in normal human intestinal epithelial cells (FHs74-Int) and showed no cytotoxicity. In a dose dependent manner Enprocal induced cell death in Caco-2 cells (human colon adencarcinoma epithelial cells). Digested Enprocal (Enprocal D: gut enzyme cocktail treated) maintained the intestinal integrity in transepithelial resistance (TEER) assay, increased the permeability of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and did not induce oxidative stress to the gut epithelial cells. Enprocal D upregulated the surface expression of co-stimulatory (CD40, CD86, CD80), MHC I and MHC II molecules on PMA differentiated THP-1 macrophages in coculture transwell model, and inhibited the monocyte/lymphocyte (THP-1/Jurkat E6-1 cells)-epithelial cell adhesion. In cytokine secretion analyses, Enprocal D down-regulated the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta and TNF-alpha) and up-regulated IFN-gamma, IL-2 and IL-10.
conclusionOur results indicate that Enprocal creates neither oxidative injury nor cytotoxicity, stimulates normal gut cell proliferation, up regulates immune cell activation markers and may aid in the production of antibodies. Furthermore, through downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, Enprocal appears to be beneficial in reducing the effects of chronic gut inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Stimulation of normal human fetal intestinal cell proliferation without cell cytotoxicity indicates it may also be given as infant food particularly for premature babies.
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