ArticleMolecular biology and evolution2009
A history of recurrent positive selection at the toll-like receptor 5 in primates.
Article in Molecular biology and evolution, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 94 citations in OpenAlex.
- Infectious disease and group size: more than just a numbers game.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2015Pooled it
- Evolutionary Complexity of Primate Immune System Uncovered by the Extensive Phylogenomic Sampling.Genome biology and evolution · 2026Article
- A key regulator of missing-self innate immunity is polymorphic and under diversifying selection.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Article
- The impact of innate and humoral immune mechanisms on vaccine induced protection against avian influenza H9N2 in broilers.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Taxonomic variation in immune response strategies among primates.Genes and immunity · 2025Review
- Identification of the genetic characteristics of copy number variations in experimental specific pathogen-free ducks using whole-genome resequencing.BMC genomics · 2024Article
- Host control and the evolution of cooperation in host microbiomes.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Selection Balancing at Innate Immune Genes: Adaptive Polymorphism Maintenance in Toll-Like Receptors.Molecular biology and evolution · 2022Review
- CoelacanthJournal of virology · 2021Article
- Positive natural selection in primate genes of the type I interferon response.BMC ecology and evolution · 2021Article
- TLR5 Supports Development of Placental Labyrinthine Zone in Mice.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Article
- The Potential of Toll-Like Receptors to Modulate Avian Immune System: Exploring the Effects of Genetic Variants and Phytonutrients.Frontiers in genetics · 2021Review
- Toll-Like Receptors Gene Polymorphisms in Autoimmune Disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Analysis of substitution rates showed that TLR5 is evolving at different rates among mammalian groups.BMC evolutionary biology · 2019Article
- Increased T Cell Differentiation and Cytolytic Function in Bangladeshi Compared to American Children.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Avian Toll-like receptor allelic diversity far exceeds human polymorphism: an insight from domestic chicken breeds.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Toll-Like Receptor Evolution in Birds: Gene Duplication, Pseudogenization, and Diversifying Selection.Molecular biology and evolution · 2018Article
- Article
- Toll-like receptors in immunity and inflammatory diseases: Past, present, and future.International immunopharmacology · 2018Review
- Targeting Deficiencies in the TLR5 Mediated Vaginal Response to Treat Female Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection.Scientific reports · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Many genes involved in immunity evolve rapidly. It remains unclear, however, to what extent pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) of the innate immune system in vertebrates are subject to recurrent positive selection imposed by pathogens, as suggested by studies in Drosophila, or whether they are evolutionarily constrained. Here, we show that Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), a member of the Toll-like receptor family of innate immunity genes that responds to bacterial flagellin, has undergone a history of adaptive evolution in primates. We have identified specific residues that have changed multiple times, sometimes in parallel in primates, and are thus likely candidates for selection. Most of these changes map to the extracellular leucine-rich repeats involved in pathogen recognition, and some are likely to have an effect on protein function due to the radical nature of the amino acid substitutions that are involved. These findings suggest that vertebrate PRRs might show similar patterns of evolution to Drosophila PRRs, in spite of the acquisition of the more complex and specific vertebrate adaptive immune system. At shorter timescales, however, we found no evidence of adaptive evolution in either humans or chimpanzees. In fact, we found that one mutation that abolishes TLR5 function is present at high frequencies in many human populations. Patterns of variation indicate that this mutation is not young, and its high frequency suggests some functional redundancy for this PRR in humans.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.