ReviewDrug and alcohol dependence2009
Educational attainment and smoking among women: risk factors and consequences for offspring.
Review in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 93 citations in OpenAlex.
- Maternal educational attainment in pregnancy and epigenome-wide DNA methylation changes in the offspring from birth until adolescence.Molecular psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Reduced Nicotine Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes in High-Risk Populations: 3 Randomized Clinical Trials.JAMA network open · 2024Trial
- Cigarette smoking and cognitive task performance: Experimental effects of very-low nicotine-content cigarettes.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2024Trial
- Smartphone-based financial incentives to promote smoking cessation during pregnancy: A pilot study.Preventive medicine · 2020Trial
- Does impulsiveness moderate response to financial incentives for smoking cessation among pregnant and newly postpartum women?Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2015Trial
- Examining two different schedules of financial incentives for smoking cessation among pregnant women.Preventive medicine · 2014Trial
- Trial
- Educational disadvantage and cigarette smoking during pregnancy.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2009Trial
- Sociodemographic determinants of smoking among Jordanian men : insights from the 2023 demographic and health survey.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2026Article
- Direct and indirect effects of smoking during pregnancy on child development: The Japan Environment and Children's Study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Behavior change, health, and health disparities 2024: Smoking and other tobacco use among women and girls.Preventive medicine · 2024Article
- Ability to Maintain and Improve Health and Socio-Demographic Correlates among Children in Albania.Zdravstveno varstvo · 2024Article
- Determinants of tobacco use among pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. A multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression model.PloS one · 2024Article
- Perinatal Health Outcomes Across Rural and Nonrural Counties Within a Single Health System Catchment.Women's health reports (New Rochelle, N.Y.) · 2023Article
- Social Spending and Educational Gaps in Infant Health in the United States, 1998-2017.Demography · 2022Article
- Life history trade-offs associated with exposure to low maternal capital are different in sons compared to daughters: Evidence from a prospective Brazilian birth cohort.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Generation 1.5: Years in the United States and Other Factors Affecting Smoking Behaviors Among Asian Americans.Ethnicity & disease · 2022Article
- Paternal Education and Infant Health: Variation by Race/Ethnicity.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2021Article
- Cost-effectiveness of stop smoking incentives for medicaid-enrolled pregnant women.Preventive medicine · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
We examine the association between education and smoking by women in the population, including smoking during pregnancy, and identify risk factors for smoking and the consequences of smoking in pregnancy for children's smoking and behavioral problems. Secondary analyses of four national data sets were implemented: The National Survey of Drug Use and Health (2006), the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979-2004); the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health (Wave III); National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005-2006). The lower the level of education, the greater the risk of being a current smoker, smoking daily, smoking heavily, being nicotine dependent, starting to smoke at an early age, having higher levels of circulating cotinine per cigarettes smoked, and continuing to smoke in pregnancy. The educational gradient is especially strong in pregnancy. Educational level and smoking in pregnancy independently increase the risk of offspring smoking and antisocial and anxious/depressed behavior problems. These effects persist with control for other covariates, except maternal age at child's birth, which accounts for the impact of education on offspring smoking and anxious/depressed behavior problems. Women with low education should be the target of public health efforts toward reducing tobacco use. These efforts need to focus as much on social conditions that affect women's lives as on individual level interventions. These interventions would have beneficial effects not only for the women themselves but also for their offspring.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.