Trial reportEuropean journal of clinical nutrition2009
The effects of whole milk and infant formula on growth and IGF-I in late infancy.
Trial report in European journal of clinical nutrition, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of early-life protein supplementation on childhood obesity and related metabolic outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Protein and growth during the first year of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Pediatric research · 2023Pooled it
- Effects of animal protein supplementation of mothers, preterm infants, and term infants on growth outcomes in childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2019Pooled it
- Effect of dietary protein on plasma insulin-like growth factor-1, growth, and body composition in healthy term infants: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial (Early Protein and Obesity in Childhood (EPOCH) study).The British journal of nutrition · 2016Trial
- Intake of fish oil during pregnancy and adiposity in 19-y-old offspring: follow-up on a randomized controlled trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2011Trial
- Unravelling the Proteomic Profiles of Bovine Colostrum and Mature Milk Derived from the First and Second Lactations.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Protein intake in children and growth and risk of overweight or obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Food & nutrition research · 2022Review
- Review
- Protein Intake, IGF-1 Concentrations, and Growth in the Second Year of Life in Children Receiving Growing Up Milk - Lite (GUMLi) or Cow's Milk (CM) Intervention.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Article
- Compliance of mothers' breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices with WHO recommendations in Turkey.Nutrition research and practice · 2020Article
- Sources and pattern of protein intake and risk of overweight or obesity in young UK twins.The British journal of nutrition · 2018Article
- IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations at 2 years: associations with anthropometry and milk consumption in an Indian cohort.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2018Article
- Breastfeeding as the sole source of milk for 6 months and adolescent bone mineral density.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2017Article
- Protein intake and dietary glycemic load of 4-year-olds and association with adiposity and serum insulin at 7 years of age: sex-nutrient and nutrient-nutrient interactions.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2017Article
- Complementary Feeding: Critical Considerations to Optimize Growth, Nutrition, and Feeding Behavior.Current pediatrics reports · 2013Article
- Measuring growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I in infants: what is normal?Pediatric endocrinology reviews : PER · 2013Review
- Protein intake from 0 to 18 years of age and its relation to health: a systematic literature review for the 5th Nordic Nutrition Recommendations.Food & nutrition research · 2013Article
- Excessive Leucine-mTORC1-Signalling of Cow Milk-Based Infant Formula: The Missing Link to Understand Early Childhood Obesity.Journal of obesity · 2012Article
- Obesity and energy balance: is the tail wagging the dog?European journal of clinical nutrition · 2011Review
- Prenatal and postnatal energetic conditions and sex steroids levels across the first year of life.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology CouncilArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesHigh protein intake has been associated with increased growth. This may be linked to increased concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), which seems to be influenced by the diet, especially its protein component. The short-term effects of high protein intake in late infancy are not known. The objective was to investigate the effects of high protein intake in the form of whole milk (WM) on growth and IGF-I from 9 to 12 months of age. SUBJECTS/
methodsHealthy infants (n=83) were randomized to receive either WM or infant formula and fish oil or no fish oil (2 x 2 design). Anthropometric variables, IGF-I concentrations, serum urea nitrogen (SUN) and diet were recorded before and after the intervention.
resultsIntake of WM significantly increased the protein energy percentage (PE%; P< or =0.001) and SUN (P=0.01), whereas there was no effect on size. The milk intervention increased IGF-I in boys (P=0.034) but not in girls. Intake of fish oil had no effect on the outcomes. Including all infants in the analysis there was a significant correlation between weight and IGF-I at 12 months (r=0.316, P=0.017), and PE% was positively associated with IGF-I after adjusting for sex and breastfeeding at both 9 (r=0.329, P=0.015) and 12 months (r=0.272, P=0.044).
conclusionsRandomization to WM had no overall effect on growth. However, the positive effect of WM on IGF-I in boys and the positive association between PE% intake and IGF-I at 9 and 12 months is consistent with the hypothesis that a high milk intake stimulates growth.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.