ReviewJournal of neurogenetics2009
Nicotine dependence pharmacogenetics: role of genetic variation in nicotine-metabolizing enzymes.
Review in Journal of neurogenetics, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 87 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
87 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 131 citations in OpenAlex.
- Use of polygenic risk scores of nicotine metabolism in predicting smoking behaviors.Pharmacogenomics · 2018Pooled it
- Systematic review of the relationship between the 3-hydroxycotinine/cotinine ratio and cigarette dependence.Psychopharmacology · 2011Pooled it
- Genome-wide meta-analyses identify multiple loci associated with smoking behavior.Nature genetics · 2010Pooled it
- Correlates of the nicotine metabolite ratio in Alaska Native people who smoke cigarettes.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2022Trial
- Cessation of alcohol consumption decreases rate of nicotine metabolism in male alcohol-dependent smokers.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2016Trial
- Nicotine Dependence, Nicotine Metabolism, and the Extent of Compensation in Response to Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2015Trial
- Genetic variation (CHRNA5), medication (combination nicotine replacement therapy vs. varenicline), and smoking cessation.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2015Trial
- Pharmacotherapy effects on smoking cessation vary with nicotine metabolism gene (CYP2A6).Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2014Trial
- Influence of a dopamine pathway additive genetic efficacy score on smoking cessation: results from two randomized clinical trials of bupropion.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2013Trial
- Reproducibility of the nicotine metabolite ratio in cigarette smokers.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2012Trial
- Smoking cessation pharmacogenetics: analysis of varenicline and bupropion in placebo-controlled clinical trials.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2012Trial
- Trial
- Genetic variation in nicotine metabolism predicts the efficacy of extended-duration transdermal nicotine therapy.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2010Trial
- Nicotine metabolites generate craniofacial defects that are worsened by ethanol exposure.PNAS nexus · 2026Article
- [Smoking and nicotine use, heated tobacco products, psychological and socioeconomic aspects of dependence, alcohol, infections, vaccination and diabetes mellitus (Update 2026)].Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2026Review
- β-Nicotyrine and e-cigarette abuse liability II: Behavioral economic demand and intracranial self-stimulation in rats.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Article
- Nicotine: evolution, dependence, and the path to total quit: redefining cessation in a changing nicotine landscape.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Predict Nicotine Pharmacokinetics of Nicotine Pouches Under Naturalistic Use Conditions.Journal of clinical pharmacology · 2025Article
- A multi-ancestry cerebral cortex transcriptome-wide association study identifies genes associated with smoking behaviors.Molecular psychiatry · 2024Article
- Relationship between smoking, excessive androgen and negative emotions in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Journal of ovarian research · 2024Article
27 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Nicotine-dependence pharmacogenetics research is an emerging field, and a number of studies have begun to characterize the clinical relevance and predictive power of genetic variation in drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug target genes for response to medication. The present paper focuses on evidence for the role of nicotine-metabolizing enzymes in smoking behavior and response to treatment. Nicotine metabolism is mediated primarily by cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6). Genetic variation in the CYP2A6 gene has been linked with several smoking behavior phenotypes. Individuals who carry null or reduced activity alleles for CYP2A6 smoke fewer cigarettes per day, are less dependent on nicotine, and may have an easier time quitting smoking. A phenotypic measure of CYP2A6 enzyme activity, defined as the ratio of the nicotine metabolites 3'hydroxycotinine/cotinine, also predicts successful quitting with the transdermal nicotine patch, and counseling alone. Faster metabolizers of nicotine respond more poorly to these treatments; however, they may be excellent candidates for non-nicotine therapies, such as bupropion. Inherited variation in the CYP2B6 enzyme is also associated with response to bupropion treatment and counseling alone for smoking cessation. Inhibition of the CYP2A6 enzyme to slow nicotine metabolism is a promising approach to increase nicotine availability and potentially reduce harm from tobacco smoking.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.