ArticleOphthalmology2009
The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy XXIII: the twenty-five-year incidence of macular edema in persons with type 1 diabetes.
Article in Ophthalmology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 6 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 138 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Phase II Randomized Study to Compare Anti-VEGF Agents in the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema (CADME)
Aflibercept anD navigateD vErsus coNvensional Laser in Diabetic macUlar edeMa
Intravitreal Injections of Ziv-aflibercept for Macular Diseases: Diabetic Macular Edema, Wet AMD and Macular Edema Secondary to Vein Occlusons
Intravitreal Aflibercept as Indicated by Real-Time Objective Imaging to Achieve Diabetic Retinopathy Improvement
Anatomical and Functional Outcomes of Subthreshold Micropulse Laser Versus Intravitreal Ranibizumab Injection in Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema
Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Intravitreal Aflibercept Injections for the Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy for Subjects Who Completed the 2-Year PANORAMA Trial
Who cites it
138 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 412 citations in OpenAlex.
- Aflibercept versus ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema: A meta-analysis.European journal of ophthalmology · 2024Pooled it
- Expanding insights from the VISTA phase III trial: longitudinal comparative assessment of ellipsoid zone integrity and volumetric fluid dynamics.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Topical ketorolac as an adjunctive treatment with intravitreal bevacizumab in the management of diabetic macular edema: A double-masked placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2021Trial
- Mediation of the association of smoking and microvascular complications by glycemic control in type 1 diabetes.PloS one · 2019Trial
- The RELATION study: efficacy and safety of ranibizumab combined with laser photocoagulation treatment versus laser monotherapy in NPDR and PDR patients with diabetic macular oedema.Acta ophthalmologica · 2018Trial
- Trial
- Magnitude, patterns, and determinant factors of diabetic macular edema among people with diabetes at Debre Markos Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, 2025: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.International ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Article
- Clinical implications of systolic blood pressure for diabetic retinopathy across HbA1c levels in a Japanese population.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Machine learning models for risk prediction of diabetic retinopathy in Fujian eye study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- The linear association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and diabetic retinopathy : a cross-sectional study in diabetic patients.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2025Article
- Prevalence of diabetic macular edema among type II diabetic patients in tele-screening program using OCT and fundus photos in a tertiary hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.International journal of retina and vitreous · 2025Article
- Article
- Increased survival reveals new paradigms in diabetic macular edema among patients with type 1 diabetes.Endocrine · 2025Article
- Diabetic retinal disease.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2025Review
- Exploring Molecular Signatures Associated with Inflammation and Angiogenesis in the Aqueous Humor of Patients with Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Observational
- Observational
- Proteomic Analysis of Aqueous Humor Identified Clinically Relevant Molecular Targets for Neovascular Complications in Diabetic Retinopathy.Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP · 2025Article
- Clinical and Socioeconomic Burden of Retinal Diseases: Can Biosimilars Add Value? A Narrative Review.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2025Review
- Critical roles of miR-21 in promotions angiogenesis: friend or foe?Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Review
78 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo examine the 25-year cumulative incidence of macular edema (ME) and its relation to various risk factors.
designPopulation-based study.
participantsA total of 955 insulin-taking persons living in an 11-county area in southern Wisconsin with type 1 diabetes diagnosed before age 30 years who participated in baseline examinations (1980-1982) and at least 1 of 4 follow-up (4-, 10-, 14-, and 25-year) examinations (n=891) or died before the first follow-up examination (n=64).
methodsStereoscopic color fundus photographs were graded using the modified Airlie House classification and the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study retinopathy severity scheme. Competing risk of death was included in statistical models.
main outcome measuresIncidence of ME and clinically significant ME (CSME).
resultsThe 25-year cumulative incidence was 29% for ME and 17% for CSME. Annualized incidences of ME were 2.3%, 2.1%, 2.3%, and 0.9% in the first, second, third, and fourth follow-up periods of the study, respectively. In univariate analyses, the incidence of ME was associated with male sex, more severe diabetic retinopathy, higher glycosylated hemoglobin, proteinuria, higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and more pack-years of smoking. Multivariate analyses showed that the incidence of ME was related to higher baseline glycosylated hemoglobin (hazard ratio [HR] per 1% 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-1.25; P<0.001) and higher systolic blood pressure (HR per 10 mmHg 1.15; 95% CI, 1.04-1.26; P=0.004) and marginally to proteinuria (HR 1.43; 95% CI, 0.99-2.08; P=0.06).
conclusionsThese data show that relatively high 25-year cumulative rates of incidence of ME were related to glycemia and blood pressure. The lower risk of incident ME in the last period of the study may reflect recent improvement in care.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.