ArticleEnvironmental health perspectives2009
Concentrations of phthalate metabolites in milk, urine, saliva, and Serum of lactating North Carolina women.
Article in Environmental health perspectives, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 229 citations in OpenAlex.
- Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Human Milk: A Systematic Review of Concentrations and Potential Health Implications.Current environmental health reports · 2025Pooled it
- Prenatal exposure to phthalate and decreased body mass index of children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2022Pooled it
- Association between phthalate exposure and insulin resistance: a systematic review and meta-analysis update.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2021Pooled it
- Maternal phthalate exposure, gestational length, and preterm birth risk: a prospective cohort study nested within a randomised trial.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Trial
- Effects of Phthalate Metabolite Mixture Exposure on Mouse Oocyte Development.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Effects of Phthalate Exposure on Oral Microbiome Diversity and Enrichment of Gemella and Streptococcus.International dental journal · 2026Article
- Phthalate Metabolites in Maternal Urine and Breast Milk After Very Preterm Birth: Matrix Concordance.Toxics · 2026Article
- Transplacental transfer efficiency of environmental chemicals in association with gestational diabetes mellitus.Environment international · 2025Article
- Gel-Phase Microextraction Using Microfluidic-Directed Ultrashort Peptide Assemblies for the Determination of Drugs in Oral Fluids.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Urinary metabolite concentrations of phthalate and plasticizers in infancy and childhood in the UNC baby connectome project.Environmental research · 2024Article
- Association of phthalate metabolites with periodontitis: a population-based study.BMC oral health · 2024Article
- Serum Phthalate Concentrations and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Adipose Tissue in a Spanish Adult Cohort.Environmental science & technology · 2024Article
- Evaluation of the Toxicity Potential of the Metabolites of Di-Isononyl Phthalate and of Their Interactions with Members of Family 1 of Sulfotransferases-A Computational Study.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Screening for phthalates biomarkers and its potential role in infertility outcomes in Jordan.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2023Article
- Phthalate biomarkers and associations with respiratory symptoms and healthcare utilization among low-income urban children with asthma.Environmental research · 2022Article
- An overview of organic contaminants in indoor dust, their health impact, geographical distribution and recent extraction/analysis methods.Environmental geochemistry and health · 2022Review
- Association between recurrent breast cancer and phthalate exposure modified by hormone receptors and body mass index.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- The Role of PPAR-γ in Allergic Disease.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2021Review
- Associations between Prenatal Exposure to Phthalates and Timing of Menarche and Growth and Adiposity into Adulthood: A Twenty-Years Birth Cohort Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Oestrogenic Endocrine Disruptors in the Placenta and the Fetus.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPhthalates are ubiquitous in the environment, but concentrations in multiple media from breast-feeding U.S. women have not been evaluated.
objectivesThe objective of this study was to accurately measure and compare the concentrations of oxidative monoester phthalate metabolites in milk and surrogate fluids (serum, saliva, and urine) of 33 lactating North Carolina women.
methodsWe analyzed serum, saliva, urine, and milk for the oxidative phthalate metabolites mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate, mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate, and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate using isotope-dilution high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy. Because only urine lacks esterases, we analyzed it for the hydrolytic phthalate monoesters.
resultsWe detected phthalate metabolites in few milk (< 10%) and saliva samples. MECPP was detected in > 80% of serum samples, but other metabolites were less common (3-22%). Seven of the 10 urinary metabolites were detectable in > or = 85% of samples. Monoethyl phthalate had the highest mean concentration in urine. Metabolite concentrations differed by body fluid (urine > serum > milk and saliva). Questionnaire data suggest that frequent nail polish use, immunoglobulin A, and fasting serum glucose and triglyceride levels were increased among women with higher concentrations of urinary and/or serum phthalate metabolites; motor vehicle age was inversely correlated with certain urinary phthalate concentrations.
conclusionsOur data suggest that phthalate metabolites are most frequently detected in urine of lactating women and are less often detected in serum, milk, or saliva. Urinary phthalate concentrations reflect maternal exposure and do not represent the concentrations of oxidative metabolites in other body fluids, especially milk.
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Registered trials
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