ArticleThe Journal of biological chemistry2009
Binding and Cellular Activation Studies Reveal That Toll-like Receptor 2 Can Differentially Recognize Peptidoglycan from Gram-positive and Gram-negative Bacteria.
Article in The Journal of biological chemistry, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 99 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- The molecular mechanism for activating IgA production by Pediococcus acidilactici K15 and the clinical impact in a randomized trial.Scientific reports · 2018Trial
- Bacterial cell envelope components of gut commensals: effects in host-microbe interaction.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Isolation of bacterial extracellular vesicles from raw samples using a portable microstructured electrochemical device.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- Pterostilbene-mediated microbiota shifts: Implications and opportunities.Journal of traditional and complementary medicine · 2026Review
- Commensal bacterial glycosylation at the interface of host-bacteria interactions.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Synergistic Modulation of the Gut-Brain-Immune Axis by a DualJournal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2025Article
- The Role of Hydroxyl Modification of Peptidoglycan to Reduce the TTX Toxicity via Superior Absorption.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Peptidoglycan-induced modulation of metabolic and inflammatory responses.Immunometabolism (Cobham, Surrey) · 2023Review
- A Staphylococcal Glucosaminidase Drives Inflammatory Responses by Processing Peptidoglycan Chains to Physiological Lengths.Infection and immunity · 2023Article
- Postbiotics as potential new therapeutic agents for sepsis.Burns & trauma · 2023Review
- Heat-KilledFrontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- SaccuFlow: A High-Throughput Analysis Platform to Investigate Bacterial Cell Wall Interactions.ACS infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Uptake, recognition and responses to peptidoglycan in the mammalian host.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2021Review
- Paraprobiotics and Postbiotics of ProbioticFrontiers in nutrition · 2020Review
- Mini-Review: Bioactivities of Bacterial Cell Envelopes in the Central Nervous System.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2020Review
- Inflammatory Response to Different Toxins in Experimental Sepsis Models.International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Review
- Drosophila Histone Demethylase KDM5 Regulates Social Behavior through Immune Control and Gut Microbiota Maintenance.Cell host & microbe · 2019Article
- Mannan-Binding Lectin Suppresses Peptidoglycan-Induced TLR2 Activation and Inflammatory Responses.Mediators of inflammation · 2019Article
- Roles of Probiotic Lactobacilli Inclusion in Helping Piglets Establish Healthy Intestinal Inter-environment for Pathogen Defense.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Although much progress has been made toward the identification of innate immune receptors, far less is known about how these receptors recognize specific microbial products. Such studies have been hampered by the need to purify compounds from microbial sources and a reliance on biological assays rather than direct binding to monitor recognition. We have employed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) binding studies using a wide range of well defined synthetic muropeptides derived from Gram-positive (lysine-containing) and Gram-negative (diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-containing) bacteria to demonstrate that Toll-like receptor 2 can recognize peptidoglycan (PGN). In the case of lysine-containing muropeptides, a limited number of compounds, which were derived from PGN remodeled by bacterial autolysins, was recognized. However, a wider range of DAP-containing muropeptides was bound with high affinity, and these compounds were derived from nascent and remodeled PGN. The difference in recognition of the two classes of muropeptides is proposed to be a strategy by the host to respond appropriately to Gram-negative and -positive bacteria, which produce vastly different quantities of PGN. It was also found that certain modifications of the carboxylic acids of isoglutamine and DAP can dramatically reduce binding, and thus, bacterial strains may employ such modifications to evade innate immune detection. Cellular activation studies employing highly purified PGN from Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus plantarum, Micrococcus luteus, and Staphylococcus aureus support the structure binding relationship. The data firmly establish Toll-like receptor 2 as an innate immune sensor for PGN and provides an understanding of host-pathogen interactions at the molecular level.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.