ArticlePloS one2009
Are Hox genes ancestrally involved in axial patterning? Evidence from the hydrozoan Clytia hemisphaerica (Cnidaria).
Article in PloS one, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers.
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39 citing papers in PubMed, 92 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Portuguese man-of-war genome reveals the genetic basis of medusa loss and sea-air interface adaptation.National science review · 2026Article
- ParaHox Genes Revisited: From Gut Patterning to Integrated Axial and Neural Organization in Rotifera.Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution · 2026Article
- Molecular evidence from xenacoelomorph gonopore formation supports homology with the bilaterian anus.Nature ecology & evolution · 2025Article
- Aboral cell types ofScience advances · 2025Article
- The genome of the colonial hydroidGenome research · 2024Article
- Gene Regulatory Network that Shaped the Evolution of Larval Apical Organ in Cnidaria.Molecular biology and evolution · 2024Article
- The genome of the deep-sea anemoneProceedings. Biological sciences · 2023Article
- Gene Loss may have Shaped the Cnidarian and Bilaterian Hox and ParaHox Complement.Genome biology and evolution · 2023Article
- Seeking Sense in the Hox Gene Cluster.Journal of developmental biology · 2022Review
- A mosaic of conserved and novel modes of gene expression and morphogenesis in mesoderm and muscle formation of a larval bivalve.Organisms, diversity & evolution · 2022Article
- HES and Mox genes are expressed during early mesoderm formation in a mollusk with putative ancestral features.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Article
- The genome of the jellyfish Clytia hemisphaerica and the evolution of the cnidarian life-cycle.Nature ecology & evolution · 2019Article
- Sponges Lack ParaHox Genes.Genome biology and evolution · 2019Article
- The genome of the giant Nomura's jellyfish sheds light on the early evolution of active predation.BMC biology · 2019Article
- Molecular signature of an ancient organizer regulated by Wnt/β-catenin signalling during primary body axis patterning inCommunications biology · 2019Article
- Hox and Wnt pattern the primary body axis of an anthozoan cnidarian before gastrulation.Nature communications · 2018Article
- Mouth development.Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Developmental biology · 2017Review
- The rise of the starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis as a model system to investigate development and regeneration.Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Developmental biology · 2016Review
- Diversity of Cnidarian Muscles: Function, Anatomy, Development and Regeneration.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe early evolution and diversification of Hox-related genes in eumetazoans has been the subject of conflicting hypotheses concerning the evolutionary conservation of their role in axial patterning and the pre-bilaterian origin of the Hox and ParaHox clusters. The diversification of Hox/ParaHox genes clearly predates the origin of bilaterians. However, the existence of a "Hox code" predating the cnidarian-bilaterian ancestor and supporting the deep homology of axes is more controversial. This assumption was mainly based on the interpretation of Hox expression data from the sea anemone, but growing evidence from other cnidarian taxa puts into question this hypothesis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL
findingsHox, ParaHox and Hox-related genes have been investigated here by phylogenetic analysis and in situ hybridisation in Clytia hemisphaerica, an hydrozoan species with medusa and polyp stages alternating in the life cycle. Our phylogenetic analyses do not support an origin of ParaHox and Hox genes by duplication of an ancestral ProtoHox cluster, and reveal a diversification of the cnidarian HOX9-14 genes into three groups called A, B, C. Among the 7 examined genes, only those belonging to the HOX9-14 and the CDX groups exhibit a restricted expression along the oral-aboral axis during development and in the planula larva, while the others are expressed in very specialised areas at the medusa stage. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Cross species comparison reveals a strong variability of gene expression along the oral-aboral axis and during the life cycle among cnidarian lineages. The most parsimonious interpretation is that the Hox code, collinearity and conservative role along the antero-posterior axis are bilaterian innovations.
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