ReviewEndocrine reviews2009
Hypothesis: could excessive fructose intake and uric acid cause type 2 diabetes?
Review in Endocrine reviews, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 212 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
212 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 497 citations in OpenAlex.
- Different Food Sources of Fructose-Containing Sugars and Fasting Blood Uric Acid Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Feeding Trials.The Journal of nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- Impact of Whole, Fresh Fruit Consumption on Energy Intake and Adiposity: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in nutrition · 2019Pooled it
- Teaching approaches and strategies that promote healthy eating in primary school children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2015Pooled it
- Pooled it
- High serum uric acid and increased risk of type 2 diabetes: a systemic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.PloS one · 2013Pooled it
- The effects of fructose intake on serum uric acid vary among controlled dietary trials.The Journal of nutrition · 2012Pooled it
- Postprandial metabolic effects of fructose and glucose in type 1 diabetes patients: a pilot randomized crossover clinical trial.Archives of endocrinology and metabolism · 2019Trial
- Fructose increases risk for kidney stones: potential role in metabolic syndrome and heat stress.BMC nephrology · 2018Trial
- Concentrated sugars and incidence of prostate cancer in a prospective cohort.The British journal of nutrition · 2018Trial
- Fructose containing sugars do not raise blood pressure or uric acid at normal levels of human consumption.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2015Trial
- Novel hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase gene mutations in Saudi Arabian hyperuricemia patients.BioMed research international · 2014Trial
- Diabetes and gout: efficacy and safety of febuxostat and allopurinol.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2013Trial
- Urate transporter gene SLC22A12 polymorphisms associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome in Caucasians with hypertension.Kidney & blood pressure research · 2012Trial
- Review
- Interactions between serum uric acid and gut microbiota: implications for metabolic health.Metabolism open · 2026Review
- The effect of liver-specific ketohexokinase deletion on the intestinal-liver-kidney axis in high-fructose-induced metabolic syndrome mice.Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2026Article
- New Insight Into Male Infertility: Deviation From Basic Tenets of Life.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2026Review
- Conformational changes in ketohexokinase are conserved across isozymes and species.Acta crystallographica. Section F, Structural biology communications · 2025Article
- Hepatic Insulin Resistance and Steatosis in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: New Insights into Mechanisms and Clinical Implications.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2025Review
- Genomic insertion of ancestral uricase into human liver cells to determine metabolic consequences of pseudogenization.Scientific reports · 2025Article
152 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
We propose that excessive fructose intake (>50 g/d) may be one of the underlying etiologies of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. The primary sources of fructose are sugar (sucrose) and high fructose corn syrup. First, fructose intake correlates closely with the rate of diabetes worldwide. Second, unlike other sugars, the ingestion of excessive fructose induces features of metabolic syndrome in both laboratory animals and humans. Third, fructose appears to mediate the metabolic syndrome in part by raising uric acid, and there are now extensive experimental and clinical data supporting uric acid in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. Fourth, environmental and genetic considerations provide a potential explanation of why certain groups might be more susceptible to developing diabetes. Finally, we discuss the counterarguments associated with the hypothesis and a potential explanation for these findings. If diabetes might result from excessive intake of fructose, then simple public health measures could have a major impact on improving the overall health of our populace.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.