ArticleMolecular and cellular endocrinology2009
Cytoplasmic localization of the androgen receptor is independent of calreticulin.
Article in Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Androgen receptor nucleocytoplasmic trafficking - A one-way journey.Molecular and cellular endocrinology · 2023Review
- Calreticulin as a marker and therapeutic target for cancer.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2023Review
- Review
- Regulation and targeting of androgen receptor nuclear localization in castration-resistant prostate cancer.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2021Article
- The classical and updated models of androgen receptor nucleocytoplasmic trafficking.American journal of clinical and experimental urology · 2021Review
- The MYH9 Cytoskeletal Protein Is a Novel Corepressor of Androgen Receptors.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Article
- Mechanisms of Androgen Receptor Agonist- and Antagonist-Mediated Cellular Senescence in Prostate Cancer.Cancers · 2020Review
- Article
- Multiple exportins influence thyroid hormone receptor localization.Molecular and cellular endocrinology · 2015Article
- Characterization of karyopherins in androgen receptor intracellular trafficking in the yeast model.International journal of clinical and experimental pathology · 2014Article
- Article
- Nuclear export signal of androgen receptor (NESAR) regulation of androgen receptor level in human prostate cell lines via ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation.Endocrinology · 2012Article
- Article
- Characterization of androgen receptor structure and nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the rice field eel.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2010Article
- Endoplasmic reticulum calcium regulates the retrotranslocation of Trypanosoma cruzi calreticulin to the cytosol.PloS one · 2010Article
- Immunoelectron microscope localization of androgen receptors and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the epithelial cells of albino rat ventral prostate.Journal of microscopy and ultrastructureArticle
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Identification and characterization of factors regulating intracellular localization of the androgen receptor (AR) are fundamentally important because nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of AR is a critical step in AR regulation by androgen manipulation. Normally, AR is localized to the cytoplasm in the absence of androgen. Upon ligand binding, AR translocates to the nucleus, where it can modulate transcription of AR-responsive genes. The withdrawal of androgen results in the export of unliganded AR from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it is transcriptionally inactive. Calreticulin has been implicated as a possible nuclear export factor for AR because the two proteins form a complex. In this study, we assessed whether the cytoplasmic localization of AR requires binding to calreticulin. To test this we substituted the calreticulin binding sequence (CBS) KVFFKR (residues 579-584) with the amino acids RLAARK in AR and monitored the cellular localization of a GFP-AR fusion protein in the absence of androgen. We also determined if knockdown or knockout of calreticulin expression affected the cytoplasmic localization of the AR. We found that a mutated CBS did not affect the localization of AR and that in the absence of androgen, AR is localized to the cytoplasm regardless of its ability to interact with calreticulin. Also, a reduction in the levels or loss of calreticulin did not affect the localization of AR. These data argue that calreticulin is not required for the cytoplasmic localization of AR.
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