ReviewJournal of the American College of Cardiology2009
Contraceptive hormone use and cardiovascular disease.
Review in Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 88 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
88 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 283 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ischemic stroke associated with adenomyosis-related abnormal uterine bleeding: a systematic review of management and outcomes.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Hypertension in Children and Adolescents: A Position Statement From a Panel of Multidisciplinary Experts Coordinated by the French Society of Hypertension.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2021Pooled it
- Association between duration of oral contraceptive use and risk of hypertension: A meta-analysis.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2017Pooled it
- Cardiovascular outcomes of bilateral oophorectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Indian heart journalPooled it
- Effect of phlebotomy versus oral contraceptives containing cyproterone acetate on the clinical and biochemical parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.Journal of ovarian research · 2019Trial
- A combined oral contraceptive containing 30 mcg ethinyl estradiol and 3.0 mg drospirenone does not impair endothelium-dependent vasodilation.Contraception · 2010Trial
- Effects of oral contraceptives on sympathetic nerve activity during orthostatic stress in young, healthy women.American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology · 2010Trial
- Cardiovascular Safety of Hormonal Contraception: Method-Specific Risks and Clinical Implications.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Repeated Sprint Training in Heat Improves Repeated Sprint Ability Under Temperate Conditions Similarly in Active Males and Females.European journal of sport science · 2026Article
- 2025 Egyptian guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia.The Egyptian heart journal : (EHJ) : official bulletin of the Egyptian Society of Cardiology · 2026Review
- Sex Differences in Atherosclerosis and its Clinical Complications.Current atherosclerosis reports · 2026Review
- Hormonal Contraceptive Use, Stress Disorders, and Cardiovascular and Thrombotic Risk in Women.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Linking combined oral contraceptive use to systemic immune marker profiles: the role of cortisol.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Over-the-counter access to combined oral contraceptives for individuals with hypertension: an expert review.American journal of preventive cardiology · 2025Review
- Association between healthy beverage index and kidney and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study in Iran.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Article
- Comparative advantage and efficacy of natural products for polycystic ovary syndrome.Journal of ovarian research · 2025Review
- Association between the number of pregnancies and hearing loss: NHANES 1999-2018.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Pharmacovigilance study of the association between progestogen and depression based on the FDA adverse event reporting System (FAERS).Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The influence of sex on neuroimmune communication, pain, and physiology.Biology of sex differences · 2024Review
- Reproductive factors and risk of cardiovascular outcomes in women with ST-elevation myocardial infarction.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024Article
28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Contraceptive hormones, most commonly prescribed as oral contraceptives (OCs), are a widely utilized method to prevent ovulation, implantation, and, therefore, pregnancy. The Women's Health Initiative demonstrated cardiovascular risk linked to menopausal hormone therapy among women without pre-existing cardiovascular disease, prompting a review of the safety, efficacy, and side effects of other forms of hormone therapy. A variety of basic science, animal, and human data suggests that contraceptive hormones have antiatheromatous effects; however, relatively less is known regarding the impact on atherosclerosis, thrombosis, vasomotion, and arrhythmogenesis. Newer generation OC formulations in use indicate no increased myocardial infarction risk for current users, but a persistent increased risk of venous thromboembolism. There are no cardiovascular data available for the newest generation contraceptive hormone formulations, including those that contain newer progestins that lower blood pressure, as well as the nonoral routes (transdermal and vaginal). Current guidelines indicate that, as with all medication, contraceptive hormones should be selected and initiated by weighing risks and benefits for the individual patient. Women 35 years and older should be assessed for cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension, smoking, diabetes, nephropathy, and other vascular diseases, including migraines, prior to use. Existing data are mixed with regard to possible protection from OCs for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events; longer-term cardiovascular follow-up of menopausal women with regard to prior OC use, including subgroup information regarding adequacy of ovulatory cycling, the presence of hyperandrogenic conditions, and the presence of prothrombotic genetic disorders is needed to address this important issue.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.