ReviewPhilosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM2009
Are animal models predictive for humans?
Review in Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 293 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
293 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Regenerative potential of human dental pulp stem cells in scaffold-based alveolar and jaw bone reconstruction: a systematic review.BMC oral health · 2025Pooled it
- Does consumption of pearl millet cause goiter? A systematic review of existing evidence.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- The effect of the local administration of biological substances on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review of human studies.Progress in orthodontics · 2021Pooled it
- Fine wine or sour grapes? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of red wine polyphenols on vascular health.European journal of nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- A systematic review and narrative synthesis on the histological and neurobehavioral long-term effects of dexmedetomidine.Paediatric anaesthesia · 2019Pooled it
- Plasmodium and intestinal parasite perturbations of the infected host's inflammatory responses: a systematic review.Parasites & vectors · 2018Pooled it
- Using Organoids to Unlock the Potential of Human Torpor for Spaceflight.Current stem cell reports · 2026Article
- Intestinal Organoids as Models to Study Viruses: Current Application and Future Perspective.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Review
- Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Key Phytochemicals From Humboldtia sanjappae: In Vivo Studies and Molecular Docking With MM-GBSA Analysis.Chemistry & biodiversity · 2026Article
- Cracking the shield: oncolytic viruses versus the tumor-immune fortress.Cancer cell international · 2026Review
- Evaluating and improving biocompatibility of conductive polymers for cardiac tissue engineering.Journal of materials chemistry. B · 2026Review
- Tripterygium glycosides: recent advances in mechanisms, therapeutic applications, and safety optimization.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- A microfluidic bone marrow model combining CFD and organ-on-a-chip technologies to study leukemia niche dynamics.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Advances and Applications of Organ-on-a-Chip and Tissue-on-a-Chip Technology.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Development of a 3D Human Colon Model Along with Bioelectronics for the Induction and Monitoring of Diseases.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- State of Research on Tissue Engineering with 3D Printing for Breast Reconstruction.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Staged Construction of Pluripotent Stem Cell Lung Models for Assessing Respiratory Toxicity of Environmental Pollutants.Environment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Review
- Multiscale modeling of drug-induced liver injury from organ to lobule.NPJ digital medicine · 2025Article
- Machine Learning for Toxicity Prediction Using Chemical Structures: Pillars for Success in the Real World.Chemical research in toxicology · 2025Review
- Low-cost robotic manipulation of live microtissues for cancer drug testing.Science advances · 2025Article
233 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
It is one of the central aims of the philosophy of science to elucidate the meanings of scientific terms and also to think critically about their application. The focus of this essay is the scientific term predict and whether there is credible evidence that animal models, especially in toxicology and pathophysiology, can be used to predict human outcomes. Whether animals can be used to predict human response to drugs and other chemicals is apparently a contentious issue. However, when one empirically analyzes animal models using scientific tools they fall far short of being able to predict human responses. This is not surprising considering what we have learned from fields such evolutionary and developmental biology, gene regulation and expression, epigenetics, complexity theory, and comparative genomics.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.