ArticleCancer research2009
Transforming growth factor-beta2 is a molecular determinant for site-specific melanoma metastasis in the brain.
Article in Cancer research, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 88 citations in OpenAlex.
- Beyond the brain: exploring the impact of animal models of leptomeningeal disease from solid tumors.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2025Review
- The path to leptomeningeal metastasis.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2024Review
- Development and validation of a nomogram to predict leptomeningeal metastases in lung adenocarcinoma: Cervical lymph node metastasis is an important association factor.Cancer medicine · 2024Article
- The roles of tissue resident macrophages in health and cancer.Experimental hematology & oncology · 2024Review
- The origin of brain malignancies at the blood-brain barrier.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2023Review
- Microglia and metastases to the central nervous system: victim, ravager, or something else?Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2022Review
- Cytokine Landscape in Central Nervous System Metastases.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Brain Vascular Microenvironments in Cancer Metastasis.Biomolecules · 2022Review
- Preclinical Solid Tumor Models to Study Novel Therapeutics in Brain Metastases.Current protocols · 2021Article
- The Network of Cytokines in Brain Metastases.Cancers · 2021Review
- Identification of the subtypes of gastric cancer based on DNA methylation and the prediction of prognosis.Clinical epigenetics · 2020Article
- Molecular profiling of melanoma brain metastases compared to primary cutaneous melanoma and to extracranial metastases.Oncotarget · 2020Article
- High-resolution MRI demonstrates that more than 90% of small intracranial melanoma metastases develop in close relationship to the leptomeninges.Neuro-oncology · 2020Article
- Therapeutic Targets for the Treatment of Cardiac Fibrosis and Cancer: Focusing on TGF-β Signaling.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2020Review
- Supportive roles of brain macrophages in CNS metastases and assessment of new approaches targeting their functions.Theranostics · 2020Review
- Immune Microenvironment of Brain Metastases-Are Microglia and Other Brain Macrophages Little Helpers?Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- Exploring major signaling cascades in melanomagenesis: a rationale route for targetted skin cancer therapy.Bioscience reports · 2018Review
- Deciphering mechanisms of brain metastasis in melanoma - the gist of the matter.Molecular cancer · 2018Review
- Fibroblasts potentiate melanoma cells in vitro invasiveness induced by UV-irradiated keratinocytes.Histochemistry and cell biology · 2018Article
- Foe or friend? Janus-faces of the neurovascular unit in the formation of brain metastases.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Murine melanomas produce site-specific experimental brain metastases that reflect clinical reality. When injected into the internal carotid artery of mice, K-1735 melanoma cells produce metastatic lesions only in the brain parenchyma, whereas B16 melanoma cells and the somatic hybrid cells of B16 x K-1735 melanoma cells produce metastatic lesions only in the leptomeninges and ventricles. In the present study, we identified transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-beta2), an isoform of the TGF-beta family, as a molecular determinant of melanoma cell growth in the brain parenchyma. We found that the TGF-beta2 mRNA was highly expressed by the K-1735 cells, whereas the B16 cells or any B16 x K-1735 somatic cell-cell fusion hybrids have low expression. Transfection of the TGF-beta2 gene into B16 cells resulted in the production of microscopic metastatic lesions in the brain parenchyma, without a decrease in metastasis to the leptomeninges or ventricles. TGF-beta2 knockdown in the K-1735 melanoma cells significantly reduced metastasis to the brain parenchyma but did not induce metastasis to the leptomeninges or ventricles. These data show that TGF-beta2 expression by murine melanoma cells is necessary for the establishment and growth of metastases in the brain parenchyma.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.