ArticleCancer research2009
Intakes of red meat, processed meat, and meat mutagens increase lung cancer risk.
Article in Cancer research, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 32 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 94 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dietary meat mutagens intake and cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Meat consumption and risk of lung cancer: evidence from observational studies.Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology · 2012Pooled it
- No effect of meat, meat cooking preferences, meat mutagens or heme iron on lung cancer risk in the prostate, lung, colorectal and ovarian cancer screening trial.International journal of cancer · 2011Trial
- Past exposure to PM10 and lung cancer risk in the EAGLE case-control study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Review
- Causal association of dietary factors with five common cancers: univariate and multivariate Mendelian randomization studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Perilipin1 Expression as a Prognostic Factor in Patients with Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Low-fat dairy consumption and the risk of lung cancer: A large prospective cohort study.Cancer medicine · 2023Article
- Heme: The Lord of the Iron Ring.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- The Consumption of Animal and Plant Foods in Areas of High Prevalence of Stroke and Colorectal Cancer.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Dietary factors and the risk of lung cancer by epidermal growth factor receptor mutation status and histological subtypes.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- The Multifaceted Role of Heme in Cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2019Review
- Article
- Distribution of serum levels of persistent organic pollutants, heterocyclic aromatic amine theoretical intake and nutritional cofactors in a semi-rural island population.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2017Article
- Nut Consumption and Lung Cancer Risk: Results from Two Large Observational Studies.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2017Article
- Dietary habits of lung cancer patients from the Lower Silesia region of Poland.Contemporary oncology (Poznan, Poland) · 2015Article
- Comparing indices of diet quality with chronic disease mortality risk in postmenopausal women in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study: evidence to inform national dietary guidance.American journal of epidemiology · 2014Observational
- Heme-related gene expression signatures of meat intakes in lung cancer tissues.Molecular carcinogenesis · 2014Article
- Inverse hormesis of cancer growth mediated by narrow ranges of tumor-directed antibodies.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2014Article
- Red and processed meat consumption and the risk of lung cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis of 33 published studies.International journal of clinical and experimental medicine · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Red and processed meat intake may increase lung cancer risk. However, the epidemiologic evidence is inconsistent and few studies have evaluated the role of meat mutagens formed during high cooking temperatures. We investigated the association of red meat, processed meat, and meat mutagen intake with lung cancer risk in Environment And Genetics in Lung cancer Etiology, a population-based case-control study. Primary lung cancer cases (n = 2,101) were recruited from 13 hospitals within the Lombardy region of Italy examining approximately 80% of the cases from the area. Noncancer population controls (n = 2,120), matched to cases on gender, residence, and age, were randomly selected from the same catchment area. Diet was assessed in 1,903 cases and 2,073 controls and used in conjunction with a meat mutagen database to estimate intake of heterocyclic amines (HCA) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP). Multivariable odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for sex-specific tertiles of intake were calculated using unconditional logistic regression. Red and processed meat were positively associated with lung cancer risk (highest-versus-lowest tertile: OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.5-2.2; P trend < 0.001 and OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.4-2.1; P trend < 0.001, respectively); the risks were strongest among never smokers (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.4-4.0; P trend = 0.001 and OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.5-4.2; P trend = 0.001, respectively). HCAs and BaP were significantly associated with increased risk of lung cancer. When separated by histology, significant positive associations for both meat groups were restricted to adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma but not small cell carcinoma of the lung. In summary, red meat, processed meat, and meat mutagens were independently associated with increased risk of lung cancer.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.