Evidence map›Paper›PMID 19138833›Full record

SynthesisSchizophrenia research2009

Meta-analysis of the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on negative and positive symptoms in schizophrenia.

Catarina Freitas, Felipe Fregni, Alvaro Pascual-Leone

Open access · greenAbstract readMeta-Analysis
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Schizophrenia research, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 78 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
78citing papers in PubMed, 11 pooled it
15.3field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

78 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 243 citations in OpenAlex.

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  8. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for schizophrenia.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2015
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  11. Clinical trial design in non-invasive brain stimulation psychiatric research.International journal of methods in psychiatric research · 2011
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18 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Catarina FreitasBerenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
Felipe Fregni
Alvaro Pascual-Leone
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center · USBerenson Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation · US

Funding

HARVARD CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE CENTER (UL1)UL1RR025758 · NCRR · HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL · PI NADLER, LEE MARSHALL · 2008 to 2011
$91.4M
Study and Modulation of Brian PlasticityK24RR018875 · NCRR · BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MEDICAL CENTER · PI PASCUAL-LEONE, ALVARO · 2004 to 2008
$602k
NCRR NIH HHS K24 RR018875NCRR NIH HHS K24-RR018875NCRR NIH HHS UL1 RR025758
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundA growing body of evidence suggests that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can alleviate negative and positive symptoms of refractory schizophrenia. However, trials to date have been small and results are mixed.

methodsWe performed meta-analyses of all prospective studies of the therapeutic application of rTMS in refractory schizophrenia assessing the effects of high-frequency rTMS to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) to treat negative symptoms, and low-frequency rTMS to the left temporo-parietal cortex (TPC) to treat auditory hallucinations (AH) and overall positive symptoms.

resultsWhen analyzing controlled (active arms) and uncontrolled studies together, the effect sizes showed significant and moderate effects of rTMS on negative and positive symptoms (based on PANSS-N or SANS, and PANSS-P or SAPS, respectively). However, the analysis for the sham-controlled studies revealed a small non-significant effect size for negative (0.27, p=0.417) and for positive symptoms (0.17, p=0.129). When specifically analyzing AH (based on AHRS, HCS or SAH), the effect size for the sham-controlled studies was large and significant (1.04; p=0.002).

conclusionsThese meta-analyses support the need for further controlled, larger trials to assess the clinical efficacy of rTMS on negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia, while suggesting the need for exploration for alternative stimulation protocols.

Indexed as

Schizophrenic PsychologyTranscranial Magnetic StimulationHallucinationsHumansPrefrontal CortexProspective StudiesPsychiatric Status Rating ScalesSchizophrenia

Identifiers

PMID19138833
PMCPMC2748189
OpenAlexW1969605556

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.