ReviewClinical microbiology reviews2009
AmpC beta-lactamases.
Review in Clinical microbiology reviews, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1,022 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1,022 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 2,108 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in equine-associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC veterinary research · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence of AmpC beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2025Pooled it
- Natural Product-Based Strategies for Combating Antimicrobial Resistance in ESKAPE Pathogens.Current microbiology · 2026Review
- A DNA Tetrahedron-Delivered miR-17-5p mimic exerts dual anti-inflammatory and Anti-Non-coding RNA research · 2026Article
- The shared evolutionary capacities of plasmids and extrachromosomal DNA.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2026Review
- Whole-Genome Sequencing ofMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Curtobacterium uvaldense sp. nov., Falsirhodobacter allii sp. nov., Pseudomonas texasensis sp. nov., Three Novel Species Isolated from Onions in Texas, USA.Current microbiology · 2026Article
- Occurrence ofJournal of veterinary research · 2026Article
- Disseminated multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin infection associated with plasmid-borne CMY-2 gene in a patient with travel to a farm in Mexico.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026Article
- Non canonical perspectives on AmpR mediated ampC expression in Gram negative bacteria, with particular emphasis on the potential regulatory purview of FtsZ.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2026Review
- Mapping the Thematic Structure and Evolution of AmpC β-Lactamase Research: A Bibliometric Analysis.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- NagX, a periplasmic β-Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Draft genome data ofData in brief · 2026Article
- Impact of third-generation cephalosporin and carbapenem resistance profiles on the mortality of patients withJAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2026Article
- Isolation, Identification, and Biological Characterization ofMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Diversity and antibiotic profile of Enterobacterales spp. bacteria from Red-naped ibis.EcoHealth · 2026Article
- Quantifying outer membrane permeability to β-lactam antibiotics using outer membrane vesicles that protect antibiotic-susceptible bacteria.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Contributions of intra- and extracellular antibiotic degradation to collective [Formula: see text]-lactam survival.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Article
- Uncovering species- and drug-class-specific antimicrobial resistance mechanisms from large-scale whole-genome sequencing data using discordance analysis and machine learning.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2026Article
962 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
summaryAmpC beta-lactamases are clinically important cephalosporinases encoded on the chromosomes of many of the Enterobacteriaceae and a few other organisms, where they mediate resistance to cephalothin, cefazolin, cefoxitin, most penicillins, and beta-lactamase inhibitor-beta-lactam combinations. In many bacteria, AmpC enzymes are inducible and can be expressed at high levels by mutation. Overexpression confers resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins including cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and ceftriaxone and is a problem especially in infections due to Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae, where an isolate initially susceptible to these agents may become resistant upon therapy. Transmissible plasmids have acquired genes for AmpC enzymes, which consequently can now appear in bacteria lacking or poorly expressing a chromosomal bla(AmpC) gene, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis. Resistance due to plasmid-mediated AmpC enzymes is less common than extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production in most parts of the world but may be both harder to detect and broader in spectrum. AmpC enzymes encoded by both chromosomal and plasmid genes are also evolving to hydrolyze broad-spectrum cephalosporins more efficiently. Techniques to identify AmpC beta-lactamase-producing isolates are available but are still evolving and are not yet optimized for the clinical laboratory, which probably now underestimates this resistance mechanism. Carbapenems can usually be used to treat infections due to AmpC-producing bacteria, but carbapenem resistance can arise in some organisms by mutations that reduce influx (outer membrane porin loss) or enhance efflux (efflux pump activation).
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.