ArticleOral microbiology and immunology2009
Multiple components contribute to ability of saliva to inhibit influenza viruses.
Article in Oral microbiology and immunology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 90 citations in OpenAlex.
- Influence of Carbon Dioxide and pH on Influenza Virus in Sessile Saliva Droplets.Environmental science & technology · 2026Article
- Increased levels of α2-3- and α2-6-linked sialic acids during airway inflammation govern influenza A binding to peripheral airway mucins in a subtype-dependent manner.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Multidimensional Decomposition and Ensemble Modeling of Histatin 1 and Its Siblings: Detailing Structure and Biological Function Using an Integrative Approach.Journal of chemical information and modeling · 2025Article
- Human saliva exerts strong type-dependent effects on adenovirus infectivity.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Respiratory tract barrier dysfunction in viral-bacterial co-infection cases.The Japanese dental science review · 2024Review
- Seasonal influenza viruses decay more rapidly at intermediate humidity in droplets containing saliva compared to respiratory mucus.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2024Article
- Salivary IgA and vimentin differentiate in vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection: A study of 290 convalescent COVID-19 patients.Mucosal immunology · 2024Article
- Lysozyme: A Natural Product with Multiple and Useful Antiviral Properties.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Mineralo-organic particles inhibit influenza A virus infection by targeting viral hemagglutinin activity.Nanomedicine (London, England) · 2024Article
- Comparison of proteins with anti-influenza virus effects in parotid and submandibular-sublingual saliva in humans.BMC oral health · 2022Article
- Protein-bound sialic acid in saliva contributes directly to salivary anti-influenza virus activity.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Respiratory MUC5B disproportion is involved in severe community-acquired pneumonia.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2022Article
- Characteristics of respiratory microdroplet nuclei on common substrates.Interface focus · 2022Article
- Pulsed blue light, saliva and curcumin significantly inactivate human coronavirus.Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology · 2022Article
- The Impact of Oral Health on Respiratory Viral Infection.Dentistry journal · 2021Review
- Fighting viruses with materials science: Prospects for antivirus surfaces, drug delivery systems and artificial intelligence.Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials · 2021Review
- Relative humidity in droplet and airborne transmission of disease.Journal of biological physics · 2021Review
- Glycosylation and Aging.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2021Article
- A Case of Breakthrough COVID-19 during Hydroxychloroquine Maintenance.Journal of Korean medical science · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
introductionSaliva is a potentially important barrier against respiratory viral infection but its mechanism of action is not well studied.
methodsWe tested the antiviral activities of whole saliva, specific salivary gland secretions, and purified salivary proteins against strains of influenza A virus (IAV) in vitro.
resultsWhole saliva or parotid or submandibular/sublingual secretions from healthy donors inhibited IAV based on hemagglutination inhibition and neutralization assays. This differs from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), for which only submandibular/sublingual secretions are reported to be inhibitory. Among purified salivary proteins, MUC5B, scavenger receptor cysteine-rich glycoprotein 340 (salivary gp-340), histatins, and human neutrophil defensins (HNPs) inhibited IAV at the concentrations present in whole saliva. In contrast, some abundant salivary proteins (acidic proline-rich proteins and amylase) had no activity, nor did several other less abundant salivary proteins with known activity against HIV (e.g. thrombospondin or serum leukocyte protease inhibitor). Whole saliva and MUC5B did not inhibit neuraminidase activity of IAV and viral neutralizing and aggregating activity of MUC5B was potentiated by the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir. Hence, MUC5B inhibits IAV by presenting a sialic acid ligand for the viral hemagglutinin. The mechanism of action of histatins requires further study.
conclusionsThese findings indicate that saliva represents an important initial barrier to IAV infection and underline the complexity of host defense activity of oral secretions. Of interest, antiviral activity of saliva against IAV and HIV differs in terms of specific glandular secretions and proteins that are inhibitory.
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