ReviewImmunology2009
Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: immunity against helminths and immunological phenomena in modern human populations: coevolutionary legacies?
Review in Immunology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 76 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 190 citations in OpenAlex.
- Helminth infections and type 2 diabetes: a cluster-randomized placebo controlled SUGARSPIN trial in Nangapanda, Flores, Indonesia.BMC infectious diseases · 2015Trial
- Effect of hookworm infection on wheat challenge in celiac disease--a randomised double-blinded placebo controlled trial.PloS one · 2011Trial
- At homeostasis filarial infections have expanded adaptive T regulatory but not classical Th2 cells.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2010Trial
- Zoonotic Exposure to Kudoa Parasites (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) in the Canary Islands (Macaronesia, Spain): Implications for Human Health and Immune Sensitization Associated with Seafood Consumption.Acta parasitologica · 2026Article
- Restoring balance in atopic disorders: insights into type 2 immunity and chronic inflammation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Changes in Lipid Profile Secondary to Asymptomatic Malaria in Migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa: A Retrospective Analysis of a 2010-2022 Cohort.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Cichlid fishes are promising underutilized models to investigate helminth-host-microbiome interactions.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Vaccination with Toxoplasma lysate antigen or its encapsulated niosomes form immunomodulates adjuvant-induced arthritis through JAK3 downregulation.Inflammopharmacology · 2023Article
- A novel cysteine protease inhibitor in Baylisascaris schroederi migratory larvae regulates inflammasome activation through the TLR4-ROS-NLRP3 pathway.Parasites & vectors · 2022Article
- The Origin and Maintenance of Tuberculosis Is Explained by the Induction of Smear-Negative Disease in the Paleolithic.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- What Do In Vitro and In Vivo Models Tell Us about Anisakiasis? New Tools Still to Be Explored.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- The evolution of powerful yet perilous immune systems.Trends in immunology · 2022Review
- The immunology of parasite infections: Grand challenges.Frontiers in parasitology · 2022Article
- Intestinal protozoan infections shape fecal bacterial microbiota in children from Guinea-Bissau.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Pathogen disgust sensitivity protects against infection in a high pathogen environment.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Co- and polymicrobial infections in the gut mucosa: The host-microbiota-pathogen perspective.Cellular microbiology · 2021Review
- Between a hygiene rock and a hygienic hard place: Avoiding SARS-CoV-2 while needing environmental exposures for immunity.Evolution, medicine, and public health · 2021Review
- Changes in the Human Gut Microbiota Associated With Colonization byFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Article
- Potential Influence of Helminth Molecules on COVID-19 Pathology.Trends in parasitology · 2021Review
- Where are all the anthelmintics? Challenges and opportunities on the path to new anthelmintics.International journal for parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance · 2020Article
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Although the molecules and cells involved in triggering immune responses against parasitic worms (helminths) remain enigmatic, research has continued to implicate expansions of T-helper type 2 (Th2) cells and regulatory T-helper (T(reg)) cells as a characteristic response to these organisms. An intimate association has also emerged between Th2 responses and wound-healing functions. As helminth infections in humans are associated with a strong Th2/T(reg) immunoregulatory footprint (often termed a 'modified Th2' response), plausible links have been made to increased susceptibility to microbial pathogens in helminth-infected populations in the tropics and to the breakdowns in immunological control (allergy and autoimmunity) that are increasing in frequency in helminth-free developed countries. Removal of helminths and their anti-inflammatory influence may also have hazards for populations exposed to infectious agents, such as malaria and influenza, whose worst effects are mediated by excessive inflammatory reactions. The patterns seen in the control of helminth immunity are discussed from an evolutionary perspective. Whilst an inability to correctly regulate the immune system in the absence of helminth infection might seem highly counter-adaptive, the very ancient and pervasive relationship between vertebrates and helminths supports a view that immunological control networks have been selected to function within the context of a modified Th2 environment. The absence of immunoregulatory stimuli from helminths may therefore uncover maladaptations that were not previously exposed to selection.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.