ArticleAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy2009
Antiretroviral concentrations in breast-feeding infants of mothers receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy.
Article in Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04862975 (Pharmacokinetics of Antiretroviral Drugs in Lactating Women and Breastmilk Fed Infants Under 6 Months of Age in Botswana), which is not on this map. Cited by 48 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Pharmacokinetics of Antiretroviral Drugs in Lactating Women and Breastmilk Fed Infants Under 6 Months of Age in Botswana
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 119 citations in OpenAlex.
- 2025 US Public Health Service Guidelines for the Management of Occupational Exposures to Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Recommendations for Post-exposure Prophylaxis in Healthcare Settings.Infection control and hospital epidemiology · 2025Guideline
- Is infant exposure to antiretroviral drugs during breastfeeding quantitatively important? A systematic review and meta-analysis of pharmacokinetic studies.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2015Pooled it
- Antiretroviral interventions for preventing breast milk transmission of HIV.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2014Pooled it
- Trial
- Antiretroviral pharmacokinetics in mothers and breastfeeding infants from 6 to 24 weeks post-partum: results of the BAN Study.Antiviral therapy · 2014Trial
- Impact of maternal and infant antiretroviral drug regimens on drug resistance in HIV-infected breastfeeding infants.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2013Trial
- Therapeutic levels of lopinavir in late pregnancy and abacavir passage into breast milk in the Mma Bana Study, Botswana.Antiviral therapy · 2013Trial
- Association of pol diversity with antiretroviral treatment outcomes among HIV-infected African children.PloS one · 2013Trial
- Increased risk of severe infant anemia after exposure to maternal HAART, Botswana.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2011Trial
- Trial
- Predicting Drug Transfer Into Human Milk With the Simcyp Simulator: A Contribution From the ConcePTION Project.CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology · 2025Article
- Population pharmacokinetic modeling of paired plasma-breast milk lamivudine data for estimation of infant exposure in breastfeeding mother-infant pairs.CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology · 2024Observational
- Drugs in Human Milk Part 1: Practical and Analytical Considerations in Measuring Drugs and Metabolites in Human Milk.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2024Review
- The Phenomenon of Antiretroviral Drug Resistance in the Context of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Treatment: Dynamic and Ever Evolving Subject Matter.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Generic Workflow to Predict Medicine Concentrations in Human Milk Using Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modelling-A Contribution from the ConcePTION Project.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Dynamics of the infant gut microbiota in the first 18 months of life: the impact of maternal HIV infection and breastfeeding.Microbiome · 2022Article
- Factors associated with non-compliance with breastfeeding recommendation: a retrospective survey in hepatitis B virus-infected mothers who had taken Nucleos(t)ide analogs during pregnancy.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2021Article
- Importance of Prospective Studies in Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2019Article
- HIV diagnostic challenges in breast-fed infants of mothers on antiretroviral therapy.AIDS (London, England) · 2019Article
- Antiretroviral Drug Concentrations in Breastmilk, Maternal HIV Viral Load, and HIV Transmission to the Infant: Results From the BAN Study.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
There are limited data describing the concentrations of zidovudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine in nursing infants as a result of transfer via breast milk. The Kisumu Breastfeeding Study is a phase IIb open-label trial of prenatal, intrapartum, and postpartum maternal treatment with zidovudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine from 34 weeks of gestation to 6 months postpartum. In a pharmacokinetic substudy, maternal plasma, breast milk, and infant dried blood spots were collected for drug assay on the day of delivery and at 2, 6, 14, and 24 weeks after delivery. Sixty-seven mother-infant pairs were enrolled. The median concentrations in breast milk of zidovudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine during the study period were 14 ng/ml, 1,214 ng/ml, and 4,546 ng/ml, respectively. Zidovudine was not detectable in any infant plasma samples obtained after the day of delivery, while the median concentrations in infant plasma samples from postpartum weeks 2, 6, and 14 were 67 ng/ml, 32 ng/ml, and 24 ng/ml for lamivudine and 987 ng/ml, 1,032 ng/ml, and 734 ng/ml for nevirapine, respectively. Therefore, lamivudine and nevirapine, but not zidovudine, are transferred to infants via breast milk in biologically significant concentrations. The extent and effect of infant drug exposure via breast milk must be well understood in order to evaluate the benefits and risks of maternal antiretroviral use during lactation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.