ArticleInfection and immunity2009
Efficacy of a vaccine based on protective antigen and killed spores against experimental inhalational anthrax.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Anthrax in Humans, Animals, and the Environment and the One Health Strategies for Anthrax Control.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Review
- Inhalable vaccine of bacterial culture supernatant extract mediates protection against fatal pulmonary anthrax.Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- Learning from Nature: Bacterial Spores as a Target for Current Technologies in Medicine (Review).Sovremennye tekhnologii v meditsine · 2021Review
- Article
- Immunogenicity of Non-Living Anthrax Vaccine Candidates in Cattle and Protective Efficacy of Immune Sera in A/J Mouse Model Compared to the Sterne Live Spore Vaccine.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Characterization ofFrontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- A Bivalent Protein r-PAbxpB Comprising PA Domain IV and Exosporium Protein BxpB Confers Protection AgainstFrontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Immunogenicity of anthrax recombinant peptides and killed spores in goats and protective efficacy of immune sera in A/J mouse model.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Protection of farm goats by combinations of recombinant peptides and formalin inactivated spores from a lethal Bacillus anthracis challenge under field conditions.BMC veterinary research · 2017Article
- Progress toward the Development of a NEAT Protein Vaccine for Anthrax Disease.Infection and immunity · 2016Article
- The Exosporium Layer of Bacterial Spores: a Connection to the Environment and the Infected Host.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2015Review
- Capsules, toxins and AtxA as virulence factors of emerging Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2015Article
- Immunization of mice with formalin-inactivated spores from avirulent Bacillus cereus strains provides significant protection from challenge with Bacillus anthracis Ames.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2013Article
- Characterization of a multi-component anthrax vaccine designed to target the initial stages of infection as well as toxaemia.Journal of medical microbiology · 2012Article
- Review
- Noninvasive imaging technologies reveal edema toxin as a key virulence factor in anthrax.The American journal of pathology · 2011Article
- Anthrax vaccination strategies.Molecular aspects of medicine · 2009Review
- Technical transformation of biodefense vaccines.Vaccine · 2009Review
- Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies directed against defined linear epitopes on domain 4 of anthrax protective antigen.Infection and immunity · 2009Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Protective antigen (PA)-based anthrax vaccines acting on toxins are less effective than live attenuated vaccines, suggesting that additional antigens may contribute to protective immunity. Several reports indicate that capsule or spore-associated antigens may enhance the protection afforded by PA. Addition of formaldehyde-inactivated spores (FIS) to PA (PA-FIS) elicits total protection against cutaneous anthrax. Nevertheless, vaccines that are effective against cutaneous anthrax may not be so against inhalational anthrax. The aim of this work was to optimize immunization with PA-FIS and to assess vaccine efficacy against inhalational anthrax. We assessed the immune response to recombinant anthrax PA from Bacillus anthracis (rPA)-FIS administered by various immunization protocols and the protection provided to mice and guinea pigs infected through the respiratory route with spores of a virulent strain of B. anthracis. Combined subcutaneous plus intranasal immunization of mice yielded a mucosal immunoglobulin G response to rPA that was more than 20 times higher than that in lung mucosal secretions after subcutaneous vaccination. The titers of toxin-neutralizing antibody and antispore antibody were also significantly higher: nine and eight times higher, respectively. The optimized immunization elicited total protection of mice intranasally infected with the virulent B. anthracis strain 17JB. Guinea pigs were fully protected, both against an intranasal challenge with 100 50% lethal doses (LD(50)) and against an aerosol with 75 LD(50) of spores of the highly virulent strain 9602. Conversely, immunization with PA alone did not elicit protection. These results demonstrate that the association of PA and spores is very much more effective than PA alone against experimental inhalational anthrax.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.