ArticleInternational journal of epidemiology2009
Persistent pathogens linking socioeconomic position and cardiovascular disease in the US.
Article in International journal of epidemiology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Helicobacter pylori infection as a risk factor for diabetes: a meta-analysis of case-control studies.BMC gastroenterology · 2020Pooled it
- Cytomegalovirus as a potential trigger for acute coronary syndrome: A case of NSTEMI in a previously healthy patient.Global cardiology science & practice · 2025Article
- Life course socioeconomic disadvantage and persistent infection burden: Links to cellular immunosenescence in U.S. young adults.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- Life Course Socioeconomic Disadvantage and the Aging Immune System: Findings From the Health and Retirement Study.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2021Article
- Association Between Immune Response to Cytomegalovirus and Cognition in the Health and Retirement Study.American journal of epidemiology · 2021Article
- Associations of exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances individually and in mixtures with persistent infections: Recent findings from NHANES 1999-2016.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2021Article
- Persistent socioeconomic and racial and ethnic disparities in pathogen burden in the United States, 1999-2014.Epidemiology and infection · 2019Article
- Socioeconomic status and central adiposity as determinants of stress-related biological responses relevant to cardiovascular disease risk.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2019Article
- Social patterning of acute respiratory illnesses in the Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) Study 2014-2015.Epidemiology and infection · 2019Article
- A high burden of cytomegalovirus marks poor vascular health in transplant recipients more clearly than in the general population.Clinical & translational immunology · 2019Article
- Investigating pathogen burden in relation to a cumulative deficits index in a representative sample of US adults.Epidemiology and infection · 2018Article
- Levels of anti-CMV antibodies are modulated by the frequency and intensity of virus reactivations in kidney transplant patients.PloS one · 2018Article
- How does cytomegalovirus factor into diseases of aging and vaccine responses, and by what mechanisms?GeroScience · 2017Article
- Systemic Inflammation and Viral Exposure among Young Mexican American Women: Nativity-Related Differences.Ethnicity & disease · 2017Article
- Expansions of Cytotoxic CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2017Review
- The effect of self-reported health on latent herpesvirus reactivation and inflammation in an ethnically diverse sample.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2016Review
- Early life socioeconomic position and immune response to persistent infections among elderly Latinos.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2016Article
- Does cytomegalovirus infection contribute to socioeconomic disparities in all-cause mortality?Mechanisms of ageing and development · 2016Article
- CMV seropositivity and T-cell senescence predict increased cardiovascular mortality in octogenarians: results from the Newcastle 85+ study.Aging cell · 2016Article
- Unpacking the 'black box' of total pathogen burden: is number or type of pathogens most predictive of all-cause mortality in the United States?Epidemiology and infection · 2015Article
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Abstract
backgroundNumerous studies have documented a strong inverse association between cardiovascular disease and socioeconomic position (SEP). Several infections are associated with both cardiovascular disease and SEP; hence infection may form an important link between SEP and cardiovascular disease. This study examines whether seropositivity to cytomegalovirus (CMV), to herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1), and/or to both pathogens mediates the relationship between SEP and cardiovascular disease history in a nationally representative sample of the United States.
methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study of subjects > or =45 years of age, who were tested for seropositivity to CMV, HSV-1 or both pathogens and assessed for cardiovascular disease history in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. Cardiovascular disease history was defined as history of stroke, heart attack and/or congestive heart failure and SEP as education level.
resultsSEP was associated with CMV, HSV-1 and seropositivity to both pathogens. CMV seropositivity was associated with cardiovascular disease history even after adjusting for confounders as well as SEP. The odds of reporting a history of cardiovascular disease for those with less than a high school education compared with those with more than a high school education decreased by 7.7% after adjusting for CMV (Sobel mediation test for CMV, P = 0.0006). In contrast, neither seropositivity to HSV-1 nor to both pathogens was associated with cardiovascular disease history after adjusting for SEP.
conclusionsPersistent pathogens such as CMV infection may explain a portion of the relationship between SEP and cardiovascular disease in the United States. Further studies examining additional pathogens and sociobiological mechanisms are warranted.
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