ArticleBreast cancer research : BCR2008
The influence of menstrual risk factors on tumor characteristics and survival in postmenopausal breast cancer.
Article in Breast cancer research : BCR, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting axillary reverse mapping lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Roles of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Breast Cancer Therapy: Engineered Stem Cells and Exosomal Cell-Free Based Therapy.Current molecular medicine · 2025Review
- Exploring the handedness-breast cancer nexus: a comprehensive analysis via systematic review, meta-analysis, and Mendelian randomization.Therapeutic advances in medical oncology · 2024Article
- Gut microbiome influences incidence and outcomes of breast cancer by regulating levels and activity of steroid hormones in women.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2023Review
- Locally Advanced Breast Cancer: Response Evaluation to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy by Clinico-Histopathological Parameters and Molecular Imaging.Indian journal of surgical oncology · 2023Article
- Breast cancer relapses considering molecular biological characteristics.Journal of medicine and life · 2023Article
- Cross-attention multi-branch CNN using DCE-MRI to classify breast cancer molecular subtypes.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Article
- Review
- Breast Cancer Risk Factors and Survival by Tumor Subtype: Pooled Analyses from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2021Article
- Shared Genetics Between Age at Menopause, Early Menopause, POI and Other Traits.Frontiers in genetics · 2021Review
- Breast cancer risk factors and their effects on survival: a Mendelian randomisation study.BMC medicine · 2020Article
- Chronological changes and trend of breast cancer clinics and pathology among Iranian women during 22 years from the largest breast cancer registry in Iran.World journal of surgical oncology · 2019Article
- The Clinicopathological features and survival outcomes of patients with different metastatic sites in stage IV breast cancer.BMC cancer · 2019Article
- Parity Differently Affects the Breast Cancer Specific Survival from Ductal Carcinoma In Situ to Invasive Cancer: A Registry-Based Retrospective Study from Korea.Breast cancer : basic and clinical research · 2019Article
- Breast cancer risk factors, survival and recurrence, and tumor molecular subtype: analysis of 3012 women from an indigenous Asian population.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2018Article
- Do Breast Cancer Risk Factors Affect the Survival of Breast Cancer Patients in Southern Sri Lanka?Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2017Article
- Tumor subtype-specific associations of hormone-related reproductive factors on breast cancer survival.PloS one · 2015Article
- Exposures to synthetic estrogens at different times during the life, and their effect on breast cancer risk.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2013Review
- Chinese medicine approach in clinical practice for breast cancer survivors.Chinese journal of integrative medicine · 2012Article
- Expression patterns of ER, HER2, and NM23-H1 in breast cancer patients with different menopausal status: correlations with metastasis.Molecular diagnosis & therapy · 2011Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionHormonal factors are implicated in tumor progression and it is possible that factors influencing breast cancer induction could affect prognosis. Our study investigated the effects of menstrual risk factors on tumor characteristics and survival in postmenopausal breast cancer.
methodsWe used a nationwide, population-based, case-case design of 2,640 Swedish women who were 50 to 74 years old and had postmenopausal breast cancer during 1993 to 1995. Follow-up was conducted until 31 December 2000. We used polytomous multiple logistic regression to investigate the relationships between menstrual factors (age at menarche, cycle length, irregular menstruation, lifetime number of menstrual cycles, and age at menopause), tumor characteristics (size, grade, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor [PR] status, lymph node involvement, and histology), and Cox proportional hazards modeling for 5-year survival.
resultsYounger ages at menarche were significantly associated with grade and lymph node involvement. Women with an age at menarche of 11 years or younger had a more than twofold excess risk of medium-grade (odds ratio [OR] = 2.05; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00 to 4.18) and high-grade (OR = 2.04; 95% CI 1.01 to 4.16) tumors. Early menarche significantly increased the risk of lymph node metastases. Survival was poorest in women with the earliest age at menarche, with a 72% increased risk of dying within 5 years after diagnosis (hazard ratio = 1.72; 95% CI 1.02 to 2.89). No significant associations were observed for other menstrual factors with tumor characteristics or survival.
conclusionsAge at menarche has a significant impact on breast cancer prognosis and survival. It remains to be established whether the associations are attributable to age at menarche directly or are associated with the early-life physiological events of breast development and carcinogenesis also taking place during childhood and puberty, as menarche is only the culmination of this series of events.
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