ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2008
CTCF-dependent enhancer-blocking by alternative chromatin loop formation.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 120 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
120 citing papers in PubMed, 212 citations in OpenAlex.
- hnRNPK condensates facilitate enhancer-promoter looping and RNA polymerase II recruitment.Nature genetics · 2026Article
- Assessing reproducibility of Hi-C chromatin interactions using stratum-adjusted irreproducible discovery rate.Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Live-cell imaging of enhancer-promoter dynamics reveals transient contact-driven gene activation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Loop extrusion by cohesin plays a role in enhancer-activated gene expression early in differentiation.Nature communications · 2026Article
- TAD-dependent sub-TAD is required for enhancer-promoter interaction enabling the β-globin transcription.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2024Article
- Machine learning enables pan-cancer identification of mutational hotspots at persistent CTCF binding sites.Nucleic acids research · 2024Article
- Enhancer selectivity in space and time: from enhancer-promoter interactions to promoter activation.Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology · 2024Review
- Association of DDX5/p68 protein with the upstream erythroid enhancer element (EHS1) of the gene encoding the KLF1 transcription factor.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2023Article
- Epigenomic analysis of Alzheimer's disease brains reveals diminished CTCF binding on genes involved in synaptic organization.Neurobiology of disease · 2023Article
- Recent advances in chromosome capture techniques unraveling 3D genome architecture in germ cells, health, and disease.Functional & integrative genomics · 2023Review
- Elevated enhancer-oncogene contacts and higher oncogene expression levels by recurrent CTCF inactivating mutations in acute T cell leukemia.Cell reports · 2023Article
- High-throughput Pore-C reveals the single-allele topology and cell type-specificity of 3D genome folding.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Factors and Mechanisms That Influence Chromatin-Mediated Enhancer-Promoter Interactions and Transcriptional Regulation.Cancers · 2022Review
- CTCF blocks antisense transcription initiation at divergent promoters.Nature structural & molecular biology · 2022Article
- CTCF DNA-binding domain undergoes dynamic and selective protein-protein interactions.iScience · 2022Article
- The absence of AhR in CD4Clinical epigenetics · 2022Article
- Learning representations of chromatin contacts using a recurrent neural network identifies genomic drivers of conformation.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Comparative characterization of 3D chromatin organization in triple-negative breast cancers.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2022Article
- Nuclear receptor activation shapes spatial genome organization essential for gene expression control: lessons learned from the vitamin D receptor.Nucleic acids research · 2022Article
- Rice RS2-9, which is bound by transcription factor OSH1, blocks enhancer-promoter interactions in plants.The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology · 2022Article
60 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The mechanism underlying enhancer-blocking by insulators is unclear. We explored the activity of human beta-globin HS5, the orthologue of the CTCF-dependent chicken HS4 insulator. An extra copy of HS5 placed between the beta-globin locus control region (LCR) and downstream genes on a transgene fulfills the classic predictions for an enhancer-blocker. Ectopic HS5 does not perturb the LCR but blocks gene activation by interfering with RNA pol II, activator and coactivator recruitment, and epigenetic modification at the downstream beta-globin gene. Underlying these effects, ectopic HS5 disrupts chromatin loop formation between beta-globin and the LCR, and instead forms a new loop with endogenous HS5 that topologically isolates the LCR. Both enhancer-blocking and insulator-loop formation depend on an intact CTCF site in ectopic HS5 and are sensitive to knock-down of the CTCF protein by siRNA. Thus, intrinsic looping activity of CTCF sites can nullify LCR function.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.