ArticleThe Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience2008
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 facilitates glial scar formation in the injured spinal cord.
Article in The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 86 papers.
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Who cites it
86 citing papers in PubMed, 142 citations in OpenAlex.
- Osteopontin in the Central Nervous System: Roles in Development, Injury, Neurodegeneration, and Neuro-Oncology.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Dose-dependent effects of atorvastatin on inflammatory response in endothelial cells: MMP/TIMP balance and in vitro wound closure assay.BMC molecular and cell biology · 2026Article
- A pH-responsive and self-healing CEC/PEG-(CHO)Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Thyroxine Treatment after Traumatic Brain Injury Suppresses Astrogliosis and Enhances Neuronal Recovery in Mice.Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association · 2025Article
- MMP-9 inhibitor SB-3CT improves neurological outcomes in ischemic stroke mice by modulation of astrocytic lipid metabolism.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2025Article
- Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes inhibit inflammation and fibrotic scar formation after intracerebral hemorrhage.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2025Article
- Body weight-supported treadmill training reduces glial scar overgrowth in SCI rats by decreasing the reactivity of astrocytes during the subacute phase.BMC neuroscience · 2025Article
- Article
- Astrocyte-Neuron Interactions in Spinal Cord Injury.Advances in neurobiology · 2024Review
- Reviving the use of inhibitors of matrix metalloproteases in spinal cord injury: a case for specificity.Neural regeneration research · 2023Article
- Trehalose-Carnosine Prevents the Effects of Spinal Cord Injury Through Regulating Acute Inflammation and Zinc(II) Ion Homeostasis.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2023Article
- Astrocytic Cebpd Regulates Pentraxin 3 Expression to Promote Fibrotic Scar Formation After Spinal Cord Injury.Molecular neurobiology · 2023Article
- Early mobilization in spinal cord injury promotes changes in microglial dynamics and recovery of motor function.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2022Article
- Article
- The Glial Cells Respond to Spinal Cord Injury.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Review
- MMP9 Differentially Regulates Proteins Involved in Actin Polymerization and Cell Migration during TGF-β-Induced EMT in the Lens.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Neutrophil, Extracellular Matrix Components, and Their Interlinked Action in Promoting Secondary Pathogenesis After Spinal Cord Injury.Molecular neurobiology · 2021Review
- Cathepsin H deficiency decreases hypoxia-ischemia-induced hippocampal atrophy in neonatal mice through attenuated TLR3/IFN-β signaling.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2021Article
- Late Passage Cultivation Induces Aged Astrocyte Phenotypes in Rat Primary Cultured Cells.Biomolecules & therapeutics · 2021Article
- Reactive Astrocytes in Central Nervous System Injury: Subgroup and Potential Therapy.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2021Review
26 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
In the injured spinal cord, a glial scar forms and becomes a major obstacle to axonal regeneration. Formation of the glial scar involves migration of astrocytes toward the lesion. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), including MMP-9 and MMP-2, govern cell migration through their ability to degrade constituents of the extracellular matrix. Although MMP-9 is expressed in reactive astrocytes, its involvement in astrocyte migration and formation of a glial scar is unknown. Here we found that spinal cord injured, wild-type mice expressing MMPs developed a more severe glial scar and enhanced expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, indicative of a more inhibitory environment for axonal regeneration/plasticity, than MMP-9 null mice. To determine whether MMP-9 mediates astrocyte migration, we conducted a scratch wound assay using astrocytes cultured from MMP-9 null, MMP-2 null, and wild-type mice. Gelatin zymography confirmed the expression of MMP-9 and MMP-2 in wild-type cultures. MMP-9 null astrocytes and wild-type astrocytes, treated with an MMP-9 inhibitor, exhibited impaired migration relative to untreated wild-type controls. MMP-9 null astrocytes showed abnormalities in the actin cytoskeletal organization and function but no detectable untoward effects on proliferation, cellular viability, or adhesion. Interestingly, MMP-2 null astrocytes showed increased migration, which could be attenuated in the presence of an MMP-9 inhibitor. Collectively, our studies provide explicit evidence that MMP-9 is integral to the formation of an inhibitory glial scar and cytoskeleton-mediated astrocyte migration. MMP-9 may thus be a promising therapeutic target to reduce glial scarring during wound healing after spinal cord injury.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.