ArticleDiabetes care2009
Impact of pay for performance on ethnic disparities in intermediate outcomes for diabetes: a longitudinal study.
Article in Diabetes care, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02384265 (Financial Incentives and SMS to Improve African American Womens' Glycemic Control), which is not on this map. Cited by 29 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Financial Incentives and SMS to Improve African American Womens' Glycemic Control: Friends & Relatives Improving the Effectiveness of Networks for Diabetes Support Through Text Messaging (FRIENDS Text)
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- Design and effects of outcome-based payment models in healthcare: a systematic review.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2019Pooled it
- Effectiveness of UK provider financial incentives on quality of care: a systematic review.The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2017Pooled it
- Barriers and Facilitators for Type-2 Diabetes Management in South Asians: A Systematic Review.PloS one · 2015Pooled it
- The equity dimension in evaluations of the quality and outcomes framework: a systematic review.BMC health services research · 2011Pooled it
- Systematic review: Effects, design choices, and context of pay-for-performance in health care.BMC health services research · 2010Pooled it
- Impact of a Pay-for-Performance Program on Care for Black Patients with Hypertension: Important Answers in the Era of the Affordable Care Act.Health services research · 2017Trial
- Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Summit Recommendations on Implementation of Diabetes Management in CKD: From Primary to Data-Driven Collaborative Care.Kidney international reports · 2025Article
- Healthcare Equity and Commissioning: A Four-Year National Analysis of Portuguese Primary Healthcare Units.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Diabetes pay-for-performance program can reduce all-cause mortality in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus.Medicine · 2020Article
- Disparities in glycaemic control, monitoring, and treatment of type 2 diabetes in England: A retrospective cohort analysis.PLoS medicine · 2019Observational
- Stratifying Patients with Diabetes into Clinically Relevant Groups by Combination of Chronic Conditions to Identify Gaps in Quality of Care.Health services research · 2018Observational
- Observational
- Pharmacological primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention among diabetic patients in a multiethnic general practice population: still room for improvements.BMC health services research · 2013Article
- Observations from the Balcony: Directions for Pediatric Health Disparities Research and Policy.The journal of applied research on children : informing policy for children at risk · 2013Article
- Ethnic differences in glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus living in Scotland.PloS one · 2013Article
- Impact of a pay for performance program to improve diabetes care in the safety net.Preventive medicine · 2012Article
- Health disparities in endocrine disorders: biological, clinical, and nonclinical factors--an Endocrine Society scientific statement.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2012Article
- Independent effect of ethnicity on glycemia in South Asians and white Europeans.Diabetes care · 2012Article
- Ethnic and social disparity in glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes; cohort study in general practice 2004-9.Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · 2012Article
- The World Health Report 2008 - Primary Healthcare: How Wide Is the Gap between Its Agenda and Implementation in 12 High-Income Health Systems?Healthcare policy = Politiques de sante · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a major pay for performance incentive on trends in the quality of diabetes care in white, black, and South Asian ethnic groups in an urban setting in the U.K. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsWe developed longitudinal models examining the quality of diabetes care in a cohort of ethnically diverse patients in Southwest London using electronic family practice records. Outcome measures were mean blood pressure and A1C values between 2000 and 2005.
resultsThe introduction of pay for performance was associated with reductions in mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure, which were significantly greater than those predicted by the underlying trend in the white (-5.8 and -4.2 mmHg), black (-2.5 and -2.4 mmHg), and South Asian (-5.5 and -3.3 mmHg) groups. Reductions in A1C levels were significantly greater than those predicted by the underlying trend in the white group (-0.5%) but not in the black (-0.3%) or South Asian (-0.4%) groups. Ethnic group disparities in annual measurement of blood pressure and A1C were abolished before the introduction of pay for performance.
conclusionsThe introduction of a pay for performance incentive in U.K. primary care was associated with improvements in the intermediate outcomes of diabetes care for all ethnic groups. However, the magnitude of improvement appeared to differ between ethnic groups, thus potentially widening existing disparities in care. Policy makers should consider the potential impacts of pay for performance incentives on health disparities when designing and evaluating such programs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.