Trial reportJAMA2009
Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT).
Trial report in JAMA, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 891 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) for Prostate Cancer
Prevention of Females Malignancies in Families With Hereditary Breast Cancer by Personalized Optimization of Se Levels in the Organism.
Preoperative Use of Tocotrienol Associated With Personalized Nutritional and Psychoeducational Support in Women With Primary Breast Cancer.
Who cites it
891 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 2,100 citations in OpenAlex.
- Low level of selenium predicts high incidence of colorectal cancer.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Selenium nutritional status and cardiovascular diseases: mechanisms of cardioprotection and 21 years of global research trends in precision prevention (2005-2026).Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Associations of selenium status with all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.Redox biology · 2025Pooled it
- Genome-wide association study of prostate-specific antigen levels in 392,522 men identifies new loci and improves prediction across ancestry groups.Nature genetics · 2025Pooled it
- Evaluating agreement between individual nutrition randomised controlled trials and cohort studies - a meta-epidemiological study.BMC medicine · 2025Pooled it
- 2022 Update on Prostate Cancer Epidemiology and Risk Factors-A Systematic Review.European urology · 2023Pooled it
- Genetically adjusted PSA levels for prostate cancer screening.Nature medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Effect of vitamins C and E on cancer survival; a systematic review.Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- An umbrella review of the evidence associating diet and cancer risk at 11 anatomical sites.Nature communications · 2021Pooled it
- Population genetic considerations for using biobanks as international resources in the pandemic era and beyond.BMC genomics · 2021Pooled it
- Racial and Ethnic Disparity in Preference-Weighted Quality of Life: Findings from the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial.Population health management · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Differential Biopsy Patterns Influence Associations between Multivitamin Use and Prostate Cancer Risk in the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2022Trial
- Long-Term Selenium-Yeast Supplementation Does Not Affect Bone Turnover Markers: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research · 2022Trial
- Change in plasma α-tocopherol associations with attenuated pulmonary function decline and with CYP4F2 missense variation.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2022Trial
- Effect of Dietary Methylseleninic Acid and Se-Methylselenocysteine on Carcinogen-Induced, Androgen-Promoted Prostate Carcinogenesis in Rats.Nutrition and cancer · 2022Trial
- Multi-omics integration deciphers arsenic-induced multi-organ toxicity and the novel ferroptosis axis.Toxicology reports · 2026Review
- XFM and HERFD-XAS studies of selenium in tissues and whole blood from mice supplemented with potentially therapeutic selenocompounds.Redox report : communications in free radical research · 2026Article
- Systemic Lipid Peroxidation and Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Time-Varying Relationship.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
831 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
33 authors at 18 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
contextSecondary analyses of 2 randomized controlled trials and supportive epidemiologic and preclinical data indicated the potential of selenium and vitamin E for preventing prostate cancer.
objectiveTo determine whether selenium, vitamin E, or both could prevent prostate cancer and other diseases with little or no toxicity in relatively healthy men. DESIGN, SETTING, AND
participantsA randomized, placebo-controlled trial (Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial [SELECT]) of 35,533 men from 427 participating sites in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico randomly assigned to 4 groups (selenium, vitamin E, selenium + vitamin E, and placebo) in a double-blind fashion between August 22, 2001, and June 24, 2004. Baseline eligibility included age 50 years or older (African American men) or 55 years or older (all other men), a serum prostate-specific antigen level of 4 ng/mL or less, and a digital rectal examination not suspicious for prostate cancer.
interventionsOral selenium (200 microg/d from L-selenomethionine) and matched vitamin E placebo, vitamin E (400 IU/d of all rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate) and matched selenium placebo, selenium + vitamin E, or placebo + placebo for a planned follow-up of minimum of 7 years and a maximum of 12 years.
main outcome measuresProstate cancer and prespecified secondary outcomes, including lung, colorectal, and overall primary cancer.
resultsAs of October 23, 2008, median overall follow-up was 5.46 years (range, 4.17-7.33 years). Hazard ratios (99% confidence intervals [CIs]) for prostate cancer were 1.13 (99% CI, 0.95-1.35; n = 473) for vitamin E, 1.04 (99% CI, 0.87-1.24; n = 432) for selenium, and 1.05 (99% CI, 0.88-1.25; n = 437) for selenium + vitamin E vs 1.00 (n = 416) for placebo. There were no significant differences (all P>.15) in any other prespecified cancer end points. There were statistically nonsignificant increased risks of prostate cancer in the vitamin E group (P = .06) and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the selenium group (relative risk, 1.07; 99% CI, 0.94-1.22; P = .16) but not in the selenium + vitamin E group.
conclusionSelenium or vitamin E, alone or in combination at the doses and formulations used, did not prevent prostate cancer in this population of relatively healthy men.
trial registrationclinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00006392.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.