ArticleTissue engineering. Part A2009
Scaffold-free human cardiac tissue patch created from embryonic stem cells.
Article in Tissue engineering. Part A, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 75 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 161 citations in OpenAlex.
- Current trends, applications, and challenges in three-dimensional bioprinting for cardiovascular disease models and therapies.iScience · 2026Review
- Progress and challenges in transplantation of human pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes for cardiac therapy.npj biomedical innovations · 2026Review
- Exploring hiPSC-CM replacement therapy in ischemic hearts.Basic research in cardiology · 2025Review
- The hanging-heart chip: A portable microfluidic device for high-throughput generation of contractile embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac spheroids.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2025Article
- Bridging the Gap: Advances and Challenges in Heart Regeneration from In Vitro to In Vivo Applications.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Advances in cardiac tissue engineering and heart-on-a-chip.Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A · 2024Review
- Chitosan Scaffolds as Microcarriers for Dynamic Culture of Human Neural Stem Cells.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Organs-on-a-chip: a union of tissue engineering and microfabrication.Trends in biotechnology · 2023Review
- Stimuli-responsive hydrogels: smart state of-the-art platforms for cardiac tissue engineering.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2023Review
- Modelling the pathology and treatment of cardiac fibrosis in vascularised atrial and ventricular cardiac microtissues.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2023Article
- The Progress of Stem Cell Therapy in Myocardial-Infarcted Heart Regeneration: Cell Sheet Technology.Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine · 2022Review
- From Spheroids to Organoids: The Next Generation of Model Systems of Human Cardiac Regeneration in a Dish.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Advances in development and application of human organoids.3 Biotech · 2021Review
- Suspension culture in a T-flask with acoustic flow induced by ultrasonic irradiation.Ultrasonics sonochemistry · 2021Article
- Generation, functional analysis and applications of isogenic three-dimensional self-aggregating cardiac microtissues from human pluripotent stem cells.Nature protocols · 2021Article
- Cardiac Tissues From Stem Cells: New Routes to Maturation and Cardiac Regeneration.Circulation research · 2021Review
- Transplantation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes for Cardiac Regenerative Therapy.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2021Review
- Human iPSCs and Genome Editing Technologies for Precision Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Review
- Cardiac tissue engineering therapeutic products to enhance myocardial contractility.Journal of muscle research and cell motility · 2020Review
- Examining the Characteristics and Applications of Mesenchymal, Induced Pluripotent, and Embryonic Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering Approaches across the Germ Layers.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Progress in cardiac tissue engineering has been limited by (1) unfavorable cell and host responses to biomaterial scaffolds, (2) lack of suitable human cardiomyocyte sources, and (3) lack of fabrication techniques for scalable production of engineered tissue constructs. Here we report a novel and scalable method to generate scaffold-free human cardiac tissue patches. Human embryonic stem cells were differentiated to cardiomyocytes using activin A and BMP4 and placed into suspension on a rotating orbital shaker. Cells aggregated to form macroscopic disc-shaped patches of beating tissue after 2 days. Patch diameter was directly proportional to input cell number (approximately 11 mm with 12 million cells), and patches were 300-600 mum thick. Cardiomyocytes were concentrated around the patch edges and exhibited increased purity and maturation with time, comprising approximately 80% of total cells after 11 days. Noncardiac cell elements, primarily epithelium, were present at day 2 but were diminished markedly at later time points. Cardiomyocyte proliferation occurred throughout the patches at day 2 but declined by day 8. Patches exhibited automaticity and synchronous calcium transients, indicating electromechanical coupling. These novel scaffold-free human myocardial patches address critical challenges related to human cell sourcing and tissue fabrication that previously inhibited progress in cardiac tissue engineering.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.