ArticleJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2008
West Nile virus-specific CD4 T cells exhibit direct antiviral cytokine secretion and cytotoxicity and are sufficient for antiviral protection.
Article in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 119 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
119 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Clinical and Laboratory Predictors of Poor Neurological Outcomes Following Infectious Encephalitis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.European journal of neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Structural Basis for CD4+ T Cell Epitope Dominance in Arbo-Flavivirus Envelope Proteins: A Meta-Analysis.Viral immunology · 2017Pooled it
- Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and their dual role in modulating blood-brain barrier integrity in immune-mediated neurological pathologies.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
- Cellular Immune Response in Horses After West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- A specific microbial consortium enhances Th1 immunity, improves LCMV viral clearance but aggravates LCMV disease pathology in mice.Nature communications · 2025Article
- From Antibodies to Immunity: Assessing Correlates of Flavivirus Protection and Cross-Reactivity.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Balancing functions of regulatory T cells in mosquito-borne viral infections.Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Review
- West Nile virus triggers intestinal dysmotility via T cell-mediated enteric nervous system injury.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2024Article
- Cytotoxic CD4+ T Cells Are Induced during Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2024Article
- Single-cell RNA sequencing in juvenile idiopathic arthritis.Genes & diseases · 2024Review
- Single-dose VSV-based vaccine protects cynomolgus macaques from disease after Taï Forest virus infection.Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- Novel approaches for the rapid development of rationally designed arbovirus vaccines.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2023Article
- Aiolos represses CD4Nature communications · 2023Article
- Cytotoxic CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Titration and neutralizing antibody quantification by focus forming assay for Powassan virus.STAR protocols · 2022Article
- Newly recruited intraepithelial Ly6AImmunity · 2022Article
- IFN-γCellular & molecular immunology · 2022Article
- Cytotoxic CD4eLife · 2022Article
- Quantitative restoration of immune defense in old animals determined by naive antigen-specific CD8 T-cell numbers.Aging cell · 2022Article
- Balanced T and B cell responses are required for immune protection against Powassan virus in virus-like particle vaccination.Cell reports · 2022Article
59 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
CD4 T cells have been shown to be necessary for the prevention of encephalitis during West Nile virus (WNV) infection. However, the mechanisms used by Ag-specific CD4 T cells to protect mice from WNV encephalitis remain incompletely understood. Contrary to the belief that CD4 T cells are protective because they merely maintain the CD8 T cell response and improve Ab production, in this study we provide evidence for the direct antiviral activity of CD4 T cells that functions to protect the host from WNV encephalitis. In adoptive transfers, naive CD4 T cells protected a significant number of lethally infected RAG(-/-) mice, demonstrating the protective effect of CD4 T cells independent of B cells and CD8 T cells. To shed light on the mechanism of this protection, we defined the peptide specificities of the CD4 T cells responding to WNV infection in C57BL/6 (H-2(b)) mice, and used these peptides to characterize the in vivo function of antiviral CD4 T cells. WNV-specific CD4 T cells produced IFN-gamma and IL-2, but also showed potential for in vivo and ex vivo cytotoxicity. Furthermore, peptide vaccination using CD4 epitopes conferred protection against lethal WNV infection in immunocompetent mice. These results demonstrate the role of direct effector function of Ag-specific CD4 T cells in preventing severe WNV disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.