ArticleThe Journal of biological chemistry2009
Cell entry of arginine-rich peptides is independent of endocytosis.
Article in The Journal of biological chemistry, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 82 papers.
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Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 215 citations in OpenAlex.
- Membrane-Traversing Peptides: Mechanistic Landscapes, Assays, and Applications.Chemical reviews · 2026Review
- Protein Modifications for Cellular Protein Delivery.Chemical reviews · 2026Review
- Development of Cathepsin B‑Activatable Cell-Penetrating Peptides for Tumor Targeting.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2026Article
- Recombinant Cell-Permeable PuromycinJournal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Nanoparticles with Cell-Penetrating Peptides for Oral Delivery: A Case for Oral Delivery of Insulin.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Review
- Relationship between oligoarginine-induced membrane damage of singleBiochemistry and biophysics reports · 2024Article
- Arginine-Rich Cell-Penetrating Peptides Induce Lipid Rearrangements for Their Active Translocation across Laterally Heterogeneous Membranes.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Negative lipid membranes enhance the adsorption of TAT-decorated elastin-like polypeptide micelles.Biophysical journal · 2024Article
- Nature-inspired peptide of MtDef4 C-terminus tail enables protein delivery in mammalian cells.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Deciphering variations in the endocytic uptake of a cell-penetrating peptide: the crucial role of cell culture protocols.Cytotechnology · 2023Article
- Elucidating the Impact of Payload Conjugation on the Cell-Penetrating Efficiency of the Endosomal Escape Peptide dfTAT: Implications for Future Designs for CPP-Based Delivery Systems.Bioconjugate chemistry · 2023Article
- Current approaches and potential challenges in the delivery of gene editing cargos into hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.Frontiers in genome editing · 2023Review
- Antimicrobial Peptides and Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Non-Antibiotic Membrane-Targeting Strategies Against Bacterial Infections.Infection and drug resistance · 2023Review
- Recent Advances of Studies on Cell-Penetrating Peptides Based on Molecular Dynamics Simulations.Cells · 2022Review
- Antisense Oligonucleotide Therapy for the Nervous System: From Bench to Bedside with Emphasis on Pediatric Neurology.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
- Cell Penetrating Peptides Conjugated to Anti-Carcinoembryonic Antigen "Catch-and-Release" Monoclonal Antibodies Alter Plasma and Tissue Pharmacokinetics in Colorectal Cancer Xenograft Mice.Bioconjugate chemistry · 2022Article
- Article
- Peptide-Conjugated Nano Delivery Systems for Therapy and Diagnosis of Cancer.Pharmaceutics · 2021Review
- Cellular uptake of large biomolecules enabled by cell-surface-reactive cell-penetrating peptide additives.Nature chemistry · 2021Article
- Targeted Subcellular Protein Delivery Using Cleavable Cyclic Cell-Penetrating Peptide-Conjugates.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2021Article
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Arginine-rich peptides are a subclass of cell-penetrating peptides that are taken up by living cells and can be detected freely diffusing inside the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. This phenomenon has been attributed to either an endocytic mode of uptake and a subsequent release from vesicles or to direct membrane penetration (transduction). To distinguish between both possibilities, we have blocked endocytic pathways suggested to be involved in uptake of cell-penetrating peptides. We have then monitored by confocal microscopy the uptake and distribution of the cell-penetrating transactivator of transcription (TAT) peptide into living mammalian cells over time. To prevent side effects of chemical inhibitors, we used genetically engineered cells as well as different temperature. We found that a knockdown of clathrin-mediated endocytosis and a knock-out of caveolin-mediated endocytosis did not affect the ability of TAT to enter cells. In addition, the TAT peptide showed the same intracellular distribution throughout the cytoplasm and nucleus as in control cells. Even incubation of cells at 4 degrees C did not abrogate TAT uptake nor change its intracellular distribution. We therefore conclude that this distribution results from TAT peptide that directly penetrated (transduced) the plasma membrane. The formation of nonselective pores is unlikely, because simultaneously added fluorophores were not taken up together with the TAT peptide. In summary, although the frequency and kinetics of TAT transduction varied between cell types, it was independent of endocytosis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.