Evidence map›Paper›PMID 19040663›Full record

ArticleFEMS immunology and medical microbiology2009

A Vibrio cholerae ghost-based subunit vaccine induces cross-protective chlamydial immunity that is enhanced by CTA2B, the nontoxic derivative of cholera toxin.

Eno E Ekong, Daniel N Okenu, Jayanti Mania-Pramanik, Qing He, Joseph U Igietseme, Godwin A Ananaba, Deborah Lyn, Carolyn Black, Francis O Eko

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in FEMS immunology and medical microbiology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
25citing papers in PubMed
2.3field-weighted citation impact, top 14% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

25 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Bacterial ghosts (BGs): A promising approach as candidate vaccine.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2026
    Review
  2. A VCG-Based MultiepitopeBiomedicines · 2025
    Article
  3. Review
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Comparison of the immune effects of theFrontiers in microbiology · 2024
    Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Review
  11. Review
  12. Vaginal delivery of vaccines.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2021
    Review
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. TheFrontiers in immunology · 2018
    Article
  17. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2017
    Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.

Eno E EkongMorehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA.
Daniel N Okenu
Jayanti Mania-Pramanik
Qing He
Joseph U Igietseme
Godwin A Ananaba
Deborah Lyn
Carolyn Black
Francis O Eko
Morehouse School of Medicine · USCenters for Disease Control and Prevention · USClark Atlanta University · USNational Institute for Research in Reproductive Health · IN

Funding

LYMPHOEPITHELIAL INTERACTION DURING CHLAMYDIAL INFECTIONR01AI041231 · NIAID · MOREHOUSE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE · PI EKO, FRANCIS O. · 1996 to 2014
$3.8M
RENOV OF MEDICAL SCI &EDUCATION BLDGS: RETINAL CELLSC06RR018386 · NCRR · MOREHOUSE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE · PI SULLIVAN, LOUIS W. · 2002 to 2002
$1.3M
NCRR NIH HHS 1C06 RR18386NCRR NIH HHS C06 RR018386NIAID NIH HHS AI41231NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI041231
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The Vibrio cholerae ghost (rVCG) platform is an effective carrier and delivery system for designing efficacious Chlamydia vaccines. We investigated whether CTA2B, the nontoxic derivative of cholera toxin, can augment protective immunity conferred by an rVCG-based chlamydial vaccine and enhance cross-protection against heterologous chlamydial strains. An rVCG vaccine coexpressing chlamydial major outer membrane protein and CTA2B was genetically constructed and antigens were targeted to the inner membrane of V. cholerae before ghost production by gene E-mediated lysis. Effective immunomodulation by CTA2B was demonstrated by the ability of the vaccine construct to enhance the activation and maturation of dendritic cells in vitro. Also, C57BL/6 mice immunized via mucosal and systemic routes showed increased specific mucosal and systemic antibody and T-helper type-1 (Th1) responses, irrespective of the route. The enhanced production of IFN-gamma, but not IL-4 by genital mucosal and splenic T cells, indicated a predominantly Th1 response. Clearance of the Chlamydia muridarum vaginal infection was significantly enhanced by codelivery of the vaccine with CTA2B, with the intravaginal route showing a moderate advantage. These results indicate that the rVCG-based vaccine is capable of inducing cross-protection against heterologous chlamydial serovars and that incorporation of mucosal adjuvants, such as CTA2B in the rVCG delivery platform, may enhance protective immunity.

Indexed as

Adjuvants, ImmunologicAnimalsAntibodies, BacterialBacterial VaccinesChlamydia InfectionsChlamydia muridarumCholera ToxinFemaleInterferon-gammaMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMucous MembranePorinsSpleenT-LymphocytesVaccines, SubunitAdjuvants, ImmunologicAntibodies, BacterialBacterial VaccinesCholera ToxinInterferon-gammaomp1 protein, Chlamydia trachomatisPorinsVaccines, Subunit

Identifiers

PMID19040663
PMCPMC3062614
OpenAlexW2112757713

What OpenQuestion holds

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Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.