ArticleJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2008
Rapid deletion of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells following infection represents a strategy of immune evasion and persistence for Anaplasma marginale.
Article in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Haematology, serum biochemistry, innate and adaptive immune system responses to blood pathogen infections in cattle: A review.Parasitology research · 2026Review
- Development of a high-affinity anti-bovine PD-1 rabbit-bovine chimeric antibody using an efficient selection and large production system.Veterinary research · 2023Article
- Blast Waves Cause Immune System Dysfunction and Transient Bone Marrow Failure in a Mouse Model.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2022Article
- The detection of long-lasting memory foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus serotype O-specific CD4Immunology · 2021Article
- Tick saliva-induced programmed death-1 and PD-ligand 1 and its related host immunosuppression.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Cooperation of PD-1 and LAG-3 in the exhaustion of CD4Veterinary research · 2018Article
- A hybrid protein containing MSP1a repeats and Omp7, Omp8 and Omp9 epitopes protect immunized BALB/c mice against anaplasmosis.Veterinary research · 2018Article
- Identification of a T-Cell Epitope That Is Globally Conserved among Outer Membrane Proteins (OMPs) OMP7, OMP8, and OMP9 of Anaplasma marginale Strains and with OMP7 from the A. marginale subsp. centrale Vaccine Strain.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2017Article
- Cooperation of PD-1 and LAG-3 Contributes to T-Cell Exhaustion in Anaplasma marginale-Infected Cattle.Infection and immunity · 2016Article
- Antigenic Variation in Bacterial Pathogens.Microbiology spectrum · 2016Article
- Application of Long-term cultured Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay for Assessing Effector and Memory T Cell Responses in Cattle.Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE · 2015Article
- Loss of Immunization-Induced Epitope-Specific CD4 T-Cell Response following Anaplasma marginale Infection Requires Presence of the T-Cell Epitope on the Pathogen and Is Not Associated with an Increase in Lymphocytes Expressing Known Regulatory Cell Phenotypes.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2015Article
- Immunization-induced Anaplasma marginale-specific T-lymphocyte responses impaired by A. marginale infection are restored after eliminating infection with tetracycline.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2014Article
- Adaptive immunity to Anaplasma pathogens and immune dysregulation: implications for bacterial persistence.Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases · 2012Review
- Phenotypic characterization of peripheral T cells and their dynamics in scrub typhus patients.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2012Article
- Anaplasma marginale infection with persistent high-load bacteremia induces a dysfunctional memory CD4+ T lymphocyte response but sustained high IgG titers.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2010Article
- Persistent infection contributes to heterologous protective immunity against fatal ehrlichiosis.Infection and immunity · 2009Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Acquired T cell immunity is central for protection against infection. However, the immunological consequences of exposing memory T cells to high Ag loads during acute and persistent infection with systemic pathogens are poorly understood. We investigated this by using infection with Anaplasma marginale, a ruminant pathogen that replicates to levels of 10(9) bacteria per ml of blood during acute infection and maintains mean bacteremia levels of 10(6) per ml during long-term persistent infection. We established that immunization-induced Ag-specific peripheral blood CD4(+) T cell responses were rapidly and permanently lost following infection. To determine whether these T cells were anergic, sequestered in the spleen, or physically deleted from peripheral blood, CD4(+) T lymphocytes from the peripheral blood specific for the major surface protein (MSP) 1a T cell epitope were enumerated by DRB3*1101 tetramer staining and FACS analysis throughout the course of immunization and challenge. Immunization induced significant epitope-specific T lymphocyte responses that rapidly declined near peak bacteremia to background levels. Concomitantly, the mean frequency of tetramer(+)CD4(+) cells decreased rapidly from 0.025% before challenge to a preimmunization level of 0.0003% of CD4(+) T cells. Low frequencies of tetramer(+)CD4(+) T cells in spleen, liver, and inguinal lymph nodes sampled 9-12 wk postchallenge were consistent with undetectable or unsustainable Ag-specific responses and the lack of T cell sequestration. Thus, infection of cattle with A. marginale leads to the rapid loss of Ag-specific T cells and immunologic memory, which may be a strategy for this pathogen to modulate the immune response and persist.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.