ArticleClinical and experimental immunology2009
Increased levels of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients after 5 years of highly active anti-retroviral therapy may be due to increased thymic production of naive Tregs.
Article in Clinical and experimental immunology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis of age-dependent human T-lymphocyte homeostasis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Serum Cytokines and TGF-β1: A Window into Syphilis Among People Living with HIV.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Biological Aging and Immune Senescence in Children with Perinatally Acquired HIV.Journal of immunology research · 2020Review
- Quarter Century of Anti-HIV CAR T Cells.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2018Review
- Engineering HIV-Resistant, Anti-HIV Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2017Article
- Combining Cell and Gene Therapy in an Effort to Eradicate HIV.AIDS patient care and STDs · 2016Article
- Longitudinal evaluation of regulatory T-cell dynamics on HIV-infected individuals during the first 2 years of therapy.AIDS (London, England) · 2016Article
- Thymic hyperplasia after chemotherapy in adults with mature B cell lymphoma and its influence on thymic output and CD4(+) T cells repopulation.Oncoimmunology · 2016Article
- CD4(+)CD25(High) Treg cells in HIV/HTLV co-infected patients with neuropathy: high expression of Alpha4 integrin and lower expression of Foxp3 transcription factor.BMC immunology · 2015Article
- CD4 T Cells Mediate Both Positive and Negative Regulation of the Immune Response to HIV Infection: Complex Role of T Follicular Helper Cells and Regulatory T Cells in Pathogenesis.Frontiers in immunology · 2014Review
- T-cell therapies for HIV.Immunotherapy · 2013Review
- Loss and dysregulation of Th17 cells during HIV infection.Clinical & developmental immunology · 2013Review
- CD4+FOXP3+ Regulatory T-Cell Subsets in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2013Article
- Poor immune reconstitution in HIV-infected patients associates with high percentage of regulatory CD4+ T cells.PloS one · 2013Article
- HIV and Tuberculosis co-infection impacts T-cell activation markers but not the numbers subset of regulatory T-cells in HIV-1 infected patients.African journal of laboratory medicine · 2013Article
- HIV-1 immunopathogenesis in humanized mouse models.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2012Review
- Incomplete immune recovery in HIV infection: mechanisms, relevance for clinical care, and possible solutions.Clinical & developmental immunology · 2012Review
- Early short-term antiretroviral therapy is associated with a reduced prevalence of CD8(+)FoxP3(+) T cells in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected controller rhesus macaques.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2011Article
- Regulatory T cells and chronic immune activation in human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1)-infected children.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2011Article
- Bronchoalveolar CD4+ T cell responses to respiratory antigens are impaired in HIV-infected adults.Thorax · 2011Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This study determines levels of regulatory T cells (T(regs)), naive T(regs), immune activation and cytokine patterns in 15 adult human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients receiving prolonged highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) who have known thymic output, and explores if naive T(regs) may represent recent thymic emigrant T(regs). HIV-infected patients treated with HAART with a median of 1 and 5 years were compared with healthy controls. Percentages of T(regs) (CD3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+)CD127(low)), naive T(regs) (CD3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+)CD45RA(+)) and activation markers (CD38(+)human leucocyte antigen D-related) were determined by flow cytometry. Forkhead box P3 mRNA expression and T cell receptor excision circles (T(REC)) content in CD4(+) cells were determined by polymerase chain reaction and cytokines analysed with Luminex technology. Levels of T(regs) were significantly higher in HIV-infected patients compared with controls, both after 1 and 5 years of HAART (P<0.001), despite fully suppressed HIV-RNA and normalization of both CD4 counts, immune activation and cytokine patterns. Furthermore, levels of naive T(regs) were elevated significantly in HIV-infected patients (P<0.001) and were associated with thymic output measured as the T(REC) frequency in CD4(+) cells (P=0.038). In summary, T(reg) levels in HIV-infected patients are elevated even after 5 years of HAART. Increased thymic production of naive T(regs) may contribute to higher T(reg) levels in HIV-infection.
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