ReviewJournal of the American College of Cardiology2008
Cardiorenal syndrome.
Review in Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 4 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 894 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Safety and Efficacy of Empagliflozin in Patients with End-stage Renal Disease and Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction - a Randomized Controlled Trial
The Safety and Efficacy of Empagliflozin in Patients With End-stage Renal Disease and Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction - a Randomized Controlled Trial
Comparison of Dobutamine Versus Milrinone for Renal Recovery in Patients With Cardiorenal Syndrome-A Prospective Cohort Study in Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
The Effect of Aminophylline on Preventing Acute Kidney Injury in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Open Heart Surgery
Who cites it
894 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,786 citations in OpenAlex.
- Analysis of the usefulness and benefits of ultrafiltration in cardiorenal syndrome: A systematic review.ESC heart failure · 2025Pooled it
- Heart failure events in randomized controlled trials for adults receiving maintenance dialysis: a meta-epidemiologic study.Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association · 2025Pooled it
- Digital Physical Activity and Exercise Interventions for People Living with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review of Health Outcomes and Feasibility.Journal of medical systems · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Renal replacement therapy in type 2 severe cardiorenal syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.ESC heart failure · 2026Trial
- Efficacy of Vericiguat in Acute Heart Failure: A Target Trial Emulation Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Trial
- Safety and Short-Term Effects of Empagliflozin in Patients with Heart Failure and End-Stage Renal Disease.American journal of cardiovascular drugs : drugs, devices, and other interventions · 2026Trial
- Mitochondrial extracellular vesicles in cardiorenal syndrome: emerging mediators of mitochondrial signaling and inter-organ crosstalk.Renal failure · 2026Review
- Combined podocyte, fibrotic and echocardiographic correlates of an operationally defined subclinical cardiorenal phenotype in chronic kidney disease: an exploratory study.Renal failure · 2026Observational
- Finerenone in Cardiorenal Disease: A Narrative Review of Molecular Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Emerging Therapeutic Roles.Cardiovascular drugs and therapy · 2026Review
- Rapid Treatment of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure with Cardiogenic Shock in the Emergency Setting.Cardiology and cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Exploratory Biomarker-Defined Phenotypic Heterogeneity Beyond a Single Physiological Reserve Construct.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Article
- An integrated overview of acute heart failure: a narrative review of pathophysiological mechanisms and contributing factors.The Egyptian heart journal : (EHJ) : official bulletin of the Egyptian Society of Cardiology · 2026Review
- Effect of reduced ultrafiltration rate on the cardiac biomarkers NT-proBNP and troponin T: a prospective crossover study.BMC nephrology · 2026Article
- Dual roles of renal tubular mitochondrial Akt1 in protecting against diabetic nephropathy and improving body glucose metabolism.The Journal of endocrinology · 2026Article
- Hypoperfusion-Shock Continuum in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure.Circulation. Heart failure · 2026Review
- Atrial fibrillation associated with renal tubular injury in acute chest pain: N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, kidney injury molecule 1, and NT-proBNP as predictive markers.Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society · 2026Article
- AKI as a systemic syndrome and its impact on other organ systems.Critical care (London, England) · 2026Review
- Challenges of Biomarker Application in Patients with Cardiorenal Syndrome.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Bidirectional Cardiorenal Interactions in Type 2 Diabetes.JACC. Advances · 2026Article
834 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The term cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) increasingly has been used without a consistent or well-accepted definition. To include the vast array of interrelated derangements, and to stress the bidirectional nature of heart-kidney interactions, we present a new classification of the CRS with 5 subtypes that reflect the pathophysiology, the time-frame, and the nature of concomitant cardiac and renal dysfunction. CRS can be generally defined as a pathophysiologic disorder of the heart and kidneys whereby acute or chronic dysfunction of 1 organ may induce acute or chronic dysfunction of the other. Type 1 CRS reflects an abrupt worsening of cardiac function (e.g., acute cardiogenic shock or decompensated congestive heart failure) leading to acute kidney injury. Type 2 CRS comprises chronic abnormalities in cardiac function (e.g., chronic congestive heart failure) causing progressive chronic kidney disease. Type 3 CRS consists of an abrupt worsening of renal function (e.g., acute kidney ischemia or glomerulonephritis) causing acute cardiac dysfunction (e.g., heart failure, arrhythmia, ischemia). Type 4 CRS describes a state of chronic kidney disease (e.g., chronic glomerular disease) contributing to decreased cardiac function, cardiac hypertrophy, and/or increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Type 5 CRS reflects a systemic condition (e.g., sepsis) causing both cardiac and renal dysfunction. Biomarkers can contribute to an early diagnosis of CRS and to a timely therapeutic intervention. The use of this classification can help physicians characterize groups of patients, provides the rationale for specific management strategies, and allows the design of future clinical trials with more accurate selection and stratification of the population under investigation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.