ArticlePloS one2008
Bacillus anthracis peptidoglycan stimulates an inflammatory response in monocytes through the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.
Article in PloS one, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Staphylococcal lipoproteins and peptidoglycans synergize to drive skin abscess formation.mBio · 2026Article
- Bacterial infection and activation of the contact pathway of coagulation.Blood vessels, thrombosis & hemostasis · 2025Review
- Monocyte uptake of polymeric peptidoglycan is bimodal and governed by complement C3 and C4 opsonins.JCI insight · 2024Article
- Role of Natural Binding Proteins in Therapy and Diagnostics.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Gram-Positive Bacteria Cell Wall Peptidoglycan Polymers Activate Human Dendritic Cells to Produce IL-23 and IL-1β and Promote TMicroorganisms · 2023Article
- Internalization of Polymeric Bacterial Peptidoglycan Occurs through Either Actin or Dynamin Dependent Pathways.Microorganisms · 2022Article
- Complement C5 inhibition protects against hemolytic anemia and acute kidney injury in anthrax peptidoglycan-induced sepsis in baboons.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- Hydrocortisone decreases lethality and inflammatory cytokine and nitric oxide production in rats challenged with B. anthracis cell wall peptidoglycan.Intensive care medicine experimental · 2020Article
- C3 Opsonization of Anthrax Bacterium and Peptidoglycan Supports Recognition and Activation of Neutrophils.Microorganisms · 2020Article
- The cereus matter of Bacillus endophthalmitis.Experimental eye research · 2020Review
- S-layer Impacts the Virulence of Bacillus in Endophthalmitis.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2019Article
- Monocyte procoagulant responses to anthrax peptidoglycan are reinforced by proinflammatory cytokine signaling.Blood advances · 2019Article
- Article
- Serum Amyloid P and IgG Exhibit Differential Capabilities in the Activation of the Innate Immune System in Response to Bacillus anthracis Peptidoglycan.Infection and immunity · 2018Article
- Neither Lys- and DAP-type peptidoglycans stimulate mouse or human innate immune cells via Toll-like receptor 2.PloS one · 2018Article
- Article
- Peptidoglycan Up-Regulates CXCL8 Expression via Multiple Pathways in Monocytes/Macrophages.Biomolecules & therapeutics · 2015Article
- Bacillus anthracis genomic DNA enhances lethal toxin-induced cytotoxicity through TNF-α production.BMC microbiology · 2014Article
- Confirmed Bacillus anthracis infection among persons who inject drugs, Scotland, 2009-2010.Emerging infectious diseases · 2014Article
- Exposure to Bacillus anthracis capsule results in suppression of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells.Infection and immunity · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
We hypothesized that the peptidoglycan component of B. anthracis may play a critical role in morbidity and mortality associated with inhalation anthrax. To explore this issue, we purified the peptidoglycan component of the bacterial cell wall and studied the response of human peripheral blood cells. The purified B. anthracis peptidoglycan was free of non-covalently bound protein but contained a complex set of amino acids probably arising from the stem peptide. The peptidoglycan contained a polysaccharide that was removed by mild acid treatment, and the biological activity remained with the peptidoglycan and not the polysaccharide. The biological activity of the peptidoglycan was sensitive to lysozyme but not other hydrolytic enzymes, showing that the activity resides in the peptidoglycan component and not bacterial DNA, RNA or protein. B. anthracis peptidoglycan stimulated monocytes to produce primarily TNFalpha; neutrophils and lymphocytes did not respond. Peptidoglycan stimulated monocyte p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and p38 activity was required for TNFalpha production by the cells. We conclude that peptidoglycan in B. anthracis is biologically active, that it stimulates a proinflammatory response in monocytes, and uses the p38 kinase signal transduction pathway to do so. Given the high bacterial burden in pulmonary anthrax, these findings suggest that the inflammatory events associated with peptidoglycan may play an important role in anthrax pathogenesis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.