ArticleJournal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)2009
Spaceflight effects on T lymphocyte distribution, function and gene expression.
Article in Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 73 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
73 citing papers in PubMed, 149 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Multi-Omics Characterization of Human Molecular Responses to Spaceflight Across Two Independent Missions.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Astroimmunology: the effects of spaceflight and its associated stressors on the immune system.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Neutral Buoyancy as a Simple Approach to Simulated Microgravity.Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine · 2026Article
- Physical Activity Guidelines for Astronauts: An Immunological Perspective.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Epigenomic profiling of immune cell subtypes reveals H3K27ac-marked stress signatures after long-duration spaceflight.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Sex-specific immune alterations in mice following long-term simulated microgravity and chronic irradiation.NPJ microgravity · 2025Article
- Navigating mental health in space: gut-brain axis and microbiome dynamics.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2025Review
- Dynamic cellular responses to gravitational forces: Exploring the impact on white blood cell(s).Biomicrofluidics · 2024Article
- Single-cell multi-ome and immune profiles of the Inspiration4 crew reveal conserved, cell-type, and sex-specific responses to spaceflight.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Article
- Effects of simulated space conditions on CD4+ T cells: a multi modal analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Lost in Space? Unmasking the T Cell Reaction to Simulated Space Stressors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Microgravity and immune cells.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2023Review
- Evaluation of deep space exploration risks and mitigations against radiation and microgravity.Frontiers in nuclear medicine · 2023Review
- Article
- Space flight and central nervous system: Friends or enemies? Challenges and opportunities for neuroscience and neuro-oncology.Journal of neuroscience research · 2022Review
- The Burden of Space Exploration on the Mental Health of Astronauts: A Narrative Review.Clinical neuropsychiatry · 2021Review
- Spaceflight Modulates the Expression of Key Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Related Genes in Heart.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Biomechanical cues as master regulators of hematopoietic stem cell fate.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2021Review
13 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The immune system is highly sensitive to stressors present during spaceflight. The major emphasis of this study was on the T lymphocytes in C57BL/6NTac mice after return from a 13-day space shuttle mission (STS-118). Spleens and thymuses from flight animals (FLT) and ground controls similarly housed in animal enclosure modules (AEM) were evaluated within 3-6 h after landing. Phytohemagglutinin-induced splenocyte DNA synthesis was significantly reduced in FLT mice when based on both counts per minute and stimulation indexes (P < 0.05). Flow cytometry showed that CD3(+) T and CD19(+) B cell counts were low in spleens from the FLT group, whereas the number of NK1.1(+) natural killer (NK) cells was increased (P < 0.01 for all three populations vs. AEM). The numerical changes resulted in a low percentage of T cells and high percentage of NK cells in FLT animals (P < 0.05). After activation of spleen cells with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody, interleukin-2 (IL-2) was decreased, but IL-10, interferon-gamma, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha were increased in FLT mice (P < 0.05). Analysis of cancer-related genes in the thymus showed that the expression of 30 of 84 genes was significantly affected by flight (P < 0.05). Genes that differed from AEM controls by at least 1.5-fold were Birc5, Figf, Grb2, and Tert (upregulated) and Fos, Ifnb1, Itgb3, Mmp9, Myc, Pdgfb, S100a4, Thbs, and Tnf (downregulated). Collectively, the data show that T cell distribution, function, and gene expression are significantly modified shortly after return from the spaceflight environment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.