ReviewLeukemia2009
CXCR4 antagonists: targeting the microenvironment in leukemia and other cancers.
Review in Leukemia, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03150849 (C-X-C Chemokine Receptor 4 as Prognostic Marker in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia), which is not on this map. Cited by 221 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
C-X-C Chemokine Receptor 4 as Prognostic Marker in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Who cites it
221 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 458 citations in OpenAlex.
- The association of CXCR4 expression with clinicopathological significance and potential drug target in prostate cancer: a meta-analysis and literature review.Drug design, development and therapy · 2015Pooled it
- Sub-myeloablative Second Transplantations with Haploidentical Donors and Post-Transplant Cyclophosphamide have limited Anti-Leukemic Effects in Pediatric Patients.Transplantation and cellular therapy · 2022Trial
- Serine protease inhibitor kunitz-type 2 is downregulated in myelodysplastic syndromes and modulates cell-cell adhesion.Stem cells and development · 2014Trial
- A risk-based approach to optimize autologous hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) collection with the use of plerixafor.Bone marrow transplantation · 2012Trial
- Trial
- Article
- [European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2026Article
- Discovery of Novel 2-Morpholine Tetrahydroisoquinoline CXCR4 Antagonists with Unique Properties.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2026Article
- The tumor microenvironment in hematologic malignancies: immune evasion, metabolic reprogramming, and therapeutic resistance.Blood science (Baltimore, Md.) · 2026Review
- Stromal-Derived Factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) and Skin Wound Healing Research at the Intersection Between Regenerative Biology and Medicine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The role of deubiquitinase USP33 in colorectal cancer tumorigenesis and its potential as a therapeutic target predictor.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Immune reprogramming in the bone marrow microenvironment: a new perspective on the bone immune microenvironment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Functional-genomic prioritization identifiesFrontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Targeting the chemokine receptor CXCR4 for cancer therapies.Biomarker research · 2025Review
- Article
- The role of CXC chemokines and receptors in breast cancer.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Review
- Epigenetic regulation of the tumor microenvironment in lung cancer: mechanism insights and therapeutic prospects.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Recent Development of CXCR4-Targeted Nuclear Medicine Research in Adrenocortical Tumors.Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- The malignant dialogue between cancer-associated fibroblasts and osteosarcoma cells: microenvironment-mediated drug resistance and therapeutic targets.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Unraveling the role of GPCR signaling in metabolic reprogramming and immune microenvironment of lung adenocarcinoma: a multi-omics study with experimental validation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
161 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Hematopoietic and epithelial cancer cells express CXCR4, a seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor. Stromal cells within the bone marrow microenvironment constitutively secrete stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12), the ligand for CXCR4. Activation of CXCR4 induces leukemia cell trafficking and homing to the marrow microenvironment, where CXCL12 retains leukemia cells in close contact with marrow stromal cells that provide growth and drug resistance signals. CXCR4 antagonists, such as Plerixafor (AMD3100) and T140 analogs, can disrupt adhesive tumor-stroma interactions and mobilize leukemia cells from their protective stromal microenvironment, making them more accessible to conventional drugs. Therefore, targeting the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis is a novel, attractive therapeutic approach that is explored in ongoing clinical trials in leukemia patients. Initially, CXCR4 antagonists were developed for the treatment of HIV, where CXCR4 functions as a co-receptor for virus entry into T cells. Subsequently, CXCR4 antagonists were noticed to induce leukocytosis, and are currently used clinically for mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells. However, because CXCR4 plays a key role in cross-talk between leukemia cells (and a variety of other tumor cells) and their microenvironment, cancer treatment may become the ultimate application of CXCR4 antagonists. Here, we summarize the development of CXCR4 antagonists and their preclinical and clinical activities, focusing on leukemia and other cancers.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.