ArticleInfection and immunity2009
Cytolethal distending toxin type I and type IV genes are framed with lambdoid prophage genes in extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cytolethal distending toxin enhancesInfection and immunity · 2026Article
- Cytolethal Distending Toxin EnhancesbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Genomic and Phenotypic Characterization of Shiga Toxin-ProducingMicroorganisms · 2023Article
- Presence of Functionally Active Cytolethal Distending Toxin Genes on a Conjugative Plasmid in a Clinical Isolate of Providencia rustigianii.Infection and immunity · 2023Article
- Genomic diversity, pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from poultry in the southern United States.BMC microbiology · 2023Article
- Delivery, structure, and function of bacterial genotoxins.Virulence · 2022Review
- The Distribution of Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factors (CNF-1, CNF-2, CNF-3) and Cytolethal Distending Toxins (CDT-1, CDT-2, CDT-3, CDT-4) inInternational journal of clinical practice · 2022Article
- Prevalence of Cyclomodulin-PositivePathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Comparative genomics of Chinese and international isolates ofMicrobial genomics · 2021Article
- Antimicrobial Resistance Profile and ExPEC Virulence Potential in CommensalAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Duplication and diversification of a unique chromosomal virulence island hosting the subtilase cytotoxin inMicrobial genomics · 2020Article
- Review
- The Evasive Enemy: Insights into the Virulence and Epidemiology of the Emerging Attaching and Effacing PathogenInfection and immunity · 2019Review
- Article
- Review
- The Cytolethal Distending Toxin Contributes to Microbial Virulence and Disease Pathogenesis by Acting As a Tri-Perditious Toxin.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2016Review
- Genotype Cluster Analysis in Pathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates Producing Different CDT Types.Journal of pathogens · 2016Article
- Article
- Review
- Characterization of Escherichia coli virulence genes, pathotypes and antibiotic resistance properties in diarrheic calves in Iran.Biological research · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 7 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Five types of cytolethal distending toxin (CDT-I to CDT-V) have been identified in Escherichia coli. In the present study we cloned and sequenced the cdt-IV operon and flanking region from a porcine extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) strain belonging to serogroup O75. We confirmed that similar to other CDTs, CDT-IV induced phosphorylation of host histone H2AX, a sensitive marker of DNA double-strand breaks, and blocked the HeLa cell cycle at the G(2)-M transition. The cdt-IV genes were framed by lambdoid prophage genes. We cloned and sequenced the cdt-I operon and flanking regions from a human ExPEC O18:K1:H7 strain and observed that cdt-I genes were also flanked by lambdoid prophage genes. PCR studies indicated that a gene coding for a putative protease was always associated with the cdtC-IV gene but was not associated with cdtC genes in strains producing CDT-I, CDT-III, and CDT-V. Our results suggest that the cdt-I and cdt-IV genes might have been acquired from a common ancestor by phage transduction and evolved in their bacterial hosts. The lysogenic bacteriophages have the potential to carry nonessential "cargo" genes or "morons" and therefore play a crucial role in the generation of genetic diversity within ExPEC.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.