ArticleObstetrics and gynecology2008
Cigarette smoking, androgen levels, and hot flushes in midlife women.
Article in Obstetrics and gynecology, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed.
- No Relevant Associations Between Markers of Smoking Behaviour and Plasma Progesterone Concentrations: Findings From a Sex-Stratified Cohort Study.Addiction biology · 2025Article
- Steroid hormone levels vary with sex, aging, lifestyle, and genetics.Science advances · 2025Article
- Smoking and endometriosis: A narrative review.Tobacco induced diseases · 2025Review
- Impact of Real-life Environmental Exposures on Reproduction: Endocrine-disrupting chemicals, reproductive aging, and menopause.Reproduction (Cambridge, England) · 2024Review
- The relationship between religious affiliation and menopause symptoms and attitudes in United States women.Maturitas · 2024Article
- Article
- The Effects of Environmental Contaminant Exposure on Reproductive Aging and the Menopause Transition.Current environmental health reports · 2022Review
- Prevalence of menopausal hot flashes in Lebanon: A cross-sectional study.International journal of reproductive biomedicine · 2021Article
- Cigarette Smoke Stimulates SARS-CoV-2 Internalization by Activating AhR and Increasing ACE2 Expression in Human Gingival Epithelial Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and hot flashes in women from an urban convenience sample of midlife women.Environmental research · 2021Article
- Male predisposition to severe COVID-19: Review of evidence and potential therapeutic prospects.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2020Review
- Sex differences in SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and the potential link to prostate cancer.Communications biology · 2020Review
- Covid-19, TMPRSS2, and whether android regulation affects pandemic virus gender incidence and age distribution of disease.Medical hypotheses · 2020Article
- Obesity, smoking, and risk of vasomotor menopausal symptoms: a pooled analysis of eight cohort studies.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2020Article
- Hormone variability and hot flash experience: Results from the midlife women's health study.Maturitas · 2019Article
- Women's Mid-Life Night Sweats and 2-Year Bone Mineral Density Changes: A Prospective, Observational Population-Based Investigation from the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos).International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Observational
- Factors associated with poor sleep during menopause: results from the Midlife Women's Health Study.Sleep medicine · 2018Article
- Understanding the complex relationships underlying hot flashes: a Bayesian network approach.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2018Article
- Factors Affecting Sexual Function in Midlife Women: Results from the Midlife Women's Health Study.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2017Article
- The Midlife Women's Health Study - a study protocol of a longitudinal prospective study on predictors of menopausal hot flashes.Women's midlife health · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo test the hypothesis that cigarette smoking is associated with hot flushes through a mechanism involving androgen levels, progesterone levels, sex hormone-binding globulin levels, or the ratio of androgens to estrogens.
methodsWomen with and without hot flushes were recruited from Baltimore, Maryland, and the surrounding counties. Women were between 45 and 54 years of age, with at least three menstrual periods in the previous 12 months, and were not postmenopausal. Study participants completed a questionnaire and gave a blood sample for hormone measurements.
resultsCurrent smokers had significantly higher androstenedione levels and a higher androgen-to-estrogen ratio than never smokers. Current smokers had significantly lower progesterone levels compared with never smokers. Former and current cigarette smokers had increased odds of experiencing hot flushes compared with never smokers (former: odds ratio [OR] 1.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.99-2.01; current: OR 2.43, 95% CI 1.28-4.62). This association, however, was not attenuated by the addition of hormones to the smoking and hot-flush model.
conclusionCigarette smoking is associated with hot flushes through a mechanism that may not involve alterations in hormone levels or their ratios. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.