ReviewVirology journal2008
The incidence of acute encephalitis syndrome in Western industrialised and tropical countries.
Review in Virology journal, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 62 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- BrainEuropean journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2021Pooled it
- Epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in the Philippines: a systematic review.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2015Pooled it
- Neurological aspects of human parvovirus B19 infection: a systematic review.Reviews in medical virology · 2014Pooled it
- Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in childhood encephalitis (IgNiTE): a randomised controlled trial.BMJ open · 2023Trial
- Sensitivity of the UT-Hopkins Score in 350 patients with antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalitis.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Pathogens of the human central nervous system-the major viral pathogens.Journal of neurovirology · 2026Review
- Role of serum complement C3 in blood-brain barrier injury and prognosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- The cell-mediated adaptive immune response to herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis: mechanisms and clinical implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Construction and verification of early diagnosis model of tuberculous meningitis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Secular Trends in the Incidence of Encephalitis and Outcomes of Postencephalitic Epilepsy in Taiwan: A Nationwide Population-Based Study.Neuroepidemiology · 2026Article
- Factors Predicting the Outcome in Patients With Acute Encephalitis Syndrome: A Retrospective Analysis of Surveillance Data in Bangladesh.Neurology research international · 2026Article
- Predictors for identifying autoimmune encephalitis in pediatric patients.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Status Epilepsy Syndromes Made Easy: Pediatric Perspectives.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Changes in etiology, diagnostic challenges, and prognostic factors in pediatric acute encephalitis: Insights from an 18-year retrospective study.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Article
- Trends in Paediatric Viral Meningitis and Encephalitis With Unconfirmed Aetiology: A Spanish Population-Based Study, 2016-2020.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2025Article
- Development and internal validation of clinical prediction models for scrub typhus and doxycycline-treatable causes in paediatric acute encephalitis syndrome in Karnataka, India: a multicentre, prospective study.The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2025Article
- Pediatric non-congenital central nervous system infections: role of imaging in the emergency department.Pediatric radiology · 2025Review
- Post-Herpetic Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis in Denmark: Current Status and Future Challenges.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Investigation of acute encephalitis syndrome with implementation of metagenomic next generation sequencing in Nepal.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Article
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAs part of efforts to control Japanese encephalitis (JE), the World Health Organization is producing a set of standards for JE surveillance, which require the identification of patients with acute encephalitis syndrome (AES). This review aims to provide information to determine what minimum annual incidence of AES should be reported to show that the surveillance programme is active.
methodsA total of 12,436 articles were retrieved from 3 databases; these were screened by title search and duplicates removed to give 1,083 papers which were screened by abstract (or full paper if no abstract available) to give 87 papers. These 87 were reviewed and 25 papers identified which met the inclusion criteria.
resultsCase definitions and diagnostic criteria, aetiologies, study types and reliability varied among the studies reviewed. Amongst prospective studies reviewed from Western industrialised settings, the range of incidences of AES one can expect was 10.5-13.8 per 100,000 for children. For adults only, the minimum incidence from the most robust prospective study from a Western setting gave an incidence of 2.2 per 100,000. The incidence from the two prospective studies for all age groups was 6.34 and 7.4 per 100,000 from a tropical and a Western setting, respectively. However, both studies included arboviral encephalitis, which may have given higher rather than given higher] incidence levels.
conclusionIn the most robust, prospective studies conducted in Western industrialised countries, a minimum incidence of 10.5 per 100,000 AES cases was reported for children and 2.2 per 100,000 for adults. The minimum incidence for all ages was 6.34 per 100,000 from a tropical setting. On this basis, for ease of use in protocols and for future WHO surveillance standards, a minimum incidence of 10 per 100,000 AES cases is suggested as an appropriate target for studies of children alone and 2 per 100,000 for adults and 6 per 100,000 for all age groups.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.