ArticleInfection and immunity2009
Four superoxide dismutases contribute to Bacillus anthracis virulence and provide spores with redundant protection from oxidative stress.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 104 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biomarkers of antioxidant status, inflammation, and cartilage metabolism are affected by acute intense exercise but not superoxide dismutase supplementation in horses.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2012Trial
- New Thoughts on an Old Topic: Secrets of Bacterial Spore Resistance Slowly Being Revealed.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2023Review
- Why is manganese so valuable to bacterial pathogens?Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Review
- Roles and Organization of BxpB (ExsFA) and ExsFB in the Exosporium Outer Basal Layer of Bacillus anthracis.Journal of bacteriology · 2022Article
- ExsY, CotY, and CotE Effects on Bacillus anthracis Outer Spore Layer Architecture.Journal of bacteriology · 2022Article
- Categorizing Sequences of Concern by Function To Better Assess Mechanisms of Microbial Pathogenesis.Infection and immunity · 2022Review
- Old dogs, new tricks: New insights into the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family.Journal of inorganic biochemistry · 2022Article
- Mechanisms and Applications of Bacterial Sporulation and Germination in the Intestine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Article
- Efficient Genome Editing by a Miniature CRISPR-AsCas12f1 Nuclease inFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2021Review
- Spore Germination of the Obligate BiotrophFrontiers in microbiology · 2021Article
- Effect of Sporulation Conditions Following Submerged Cultivation on the Resistance ofMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- When Appearance Misleads: The Role of the Entomopathogen Surface in the Relationship with Its Host.Insects · 2020Review
- Four superoxide dismutases of Bacillus cereus 0-9 are non-redundant and perform different functions in diverse living conditions.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2020Article
- A disclosure gel for visual detection of live Bacillus anthracis spores.Journal of applied microbiology · 2019Article
- Chemical Warfare at the Microorganismal Level: A Closer Look at the Superoxide Dismutase Enzymes of Pathogens.ACS infectious diseases · 2018Review
- Clostridium sordellii outer spore proteins maintain spore structural integrity and promote bacterial clearance from the gastrointestinal tract.PLoS pathogens · 2018Article
- A serine/threonine phosphatase 1 ofJournal of veterinary science · 2017Article
- The Spore Coat Protein CotE Facilitates Host Colonization by Clostridium difficile.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2017Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The Bacillus anthracis genome encodes four superoxide dismutases (SODs), enzymes capable of detoxifying oxygen radicals. That two of these SODs, SOD15 and SODA1, are present in the outermost layers of the B. anthracis spore is indicated by previous proteomic analyses of the exosporium. Given the requirement that spores must survive interactions with reactive oxygen species generated by cells such as macrophages during infection, we hypothesized that SOD15 and SODA1 protect the spore from oxidative stress and contribute to the pathogenicity of B. anthracis. To test these theories, we constructed a double-knockout (Delta sod15 Delta sodA1) mutant of B. anthracis Sterne strain 34F2 and assessed its lethality in an A/J mouse intranasal infection model. The 50% lethal dose of the Delta sod15 Delta sodA1 strain was similar to that of the wild type (34F2), but surprisingly, measurable whole-spore SOD activity was greater than that in 34F2. A quadruple-knockout strain (Delta sod15 Delta sodA1 Delta sodC Delta sodA2) was then generated, and as anticipated, spore-associated SOD activity was diminished. Moreover, the quadruple-knockout strain, compared to the wild type, was attenuated more than 40-fold upon intranasal challenge of mice. Spore resistance to exogenously generated oxidative stress and to macrophage-mediated killing correlated with virulence in A/J mice. Allelic exchange that restored sod15 and sodA1 to their wild-type state restored wild-type characteristics. We conclude that SOD molecules within the spore afford B. anthracis protection against oxidative stress and enhance the pathogenicity of B. anthracis in the lung. We also surmise that the presence of four SOD alleles within the genome provides functional redundancy for this key enzyme.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.