ArticleInfection and immunity2009
Evidence of a role for monocytes in dissemination and brain invasion by Cryptococcus neoformans.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 233 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
233 citing papers in PubMed, 363 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficient phagocytosis and laccase activity affect the outcome of HIV-associated cryptococcosis.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2014Trial
- Cryptococcal Infection Across Disease Stages: Host-Pathogen Interactions, Tissue Niches, and Translational Priorities.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The lung-brain axis in neurodegeneration: inflammatory, immune, and vascular mechanisms with therapeutic implications.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Article
- MHC-I Upregulation and Increased Glucose Dependence Define Innate Antifungal Immune Responses to Cryptococcus neoformans.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- A review of the current anti-New microbes and new infections · 2026Review
- The lung-brain axis: elucidating the mechanisms of pulmonary-driven neurological disorders.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- PDE4B deficiency aids macrophage differentiation and contributes to Cryptococcus neoformans brain infection.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Iturin A disruptsNpj fungal science · 2026Article
- The Pain Is in the Brain With the Sugar-Coated Killer.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Review
- Reconsidering the blood-brain barrier: histopathology and microanatomy of cryptococcal CNS infection.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- Article
- Macropinocytosis mediates neurotropism ofResearch square · 2025Article
- Neuroinflammation in fungal infections: from pathogen recognition to pathological manifestations.Disease models & mechanisms · 2025Review
- Decoding mechanisms and protein markers in lung-brain axis.Respiratory research · 2025Review
- The Hidden Fortress: A Comprehensive Review of Fungal Biofilms with Emphasis onJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Active Cryptococcus neoformans glucuronoxylomannan production prevents elimination of cryptococcal CNS infection in vivo.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokines and Chemokines Involved in Cytotoxic Cell Function and Risk of Acute 14-Day Mortality in Persons with Advanced HIV and Cryptococcal Meningitis.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Immunometabolic reprogramming in macrophages infected with active and dormantInfection and immunity · 2025Article
- Elements of dissemination in cryptococcosis.mBio · 2024Review
173 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The pathogenesis of cryptococcosis, including the events leading to the production of meningoencephalitis, is still largely unknown. Evidence of a transcellular passage of Cryptococcus neoformans across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and subsequent BBB disruption exists, but the paracellular passage of free yeasts and the role of monocytes in yeast dissemination and brain invasion (Trojan horse method) remain uncertain. We used our model of disseminated cryptococcosis, in which crossing of the BBB starts 6 h after intravenous inoculation, to study paracellular passage of the BBB. We prepared bone marrow-derived monocytes (BMDM) infected in vitro with C. neoformans (BMDM yeasts) and free yeasts and measured fungal loads in tissues. (i) Spleen and lung CFU were >2-fold higher in mice treated with BMDM yeasts than in those treated with free yeasts for 1 and 24 h (P < 0.05), while brain CFU were increased (3.9 times) only at 24 h (P < 0.05). (ii) By comparing the kinetics of brain invasion in naïve mice and in mice with preestablished cryptococcosis, we found that CFU were lower in the latter case, except at 6 h, when CFU from mice inoculated with BMDM yeasts were comparable to those measured in naïve mice and 2.5-fold higher than those in mice with preestablished cryptococcosis who were inoculated with free yeasts. (iii) Late phagocyte depletion obtained by clodronate injection reduced disease severity and lowered the fungal burden by 40% in all organs studied. These results provide evidence for Trojan horse crossing of the BBB by C. neoformans, together with mechanisms involving free yeasts, and overall for a role of phagocytes in fungal dissemination.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.