ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2009
Age, sex, and cohort effects in a longitudinal study of trachomatous scarring.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Blinding Trachoma: Systematic Review of Rates and Risk Factors for Progressive Disease.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2016Pooled it
- Epidemiology and control of trachoma: systematic review.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2010Pooled it
- Cohort and age effects of mass drug administration on prevalence of trachoma: a longitudinal study in rural Tanzania.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2014Trial
- Trachoma.Lancet (London, England) · 2025Review
- Assessing the prevalence of trachoma in the East, North, Far North and Adamaoua regions of Cameroon, 2016-2022.International health · 2025Article
- Severity of Trachomatous Scarring among Adults in Trachoma-Endemic Amhara Region of Ethiopia.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2024Article
- Model of yearly transition to severe trachomatous scarring and trichiasis in a cohort of women in Kongwa Tanzania.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of transcutaneous versus transconjunctival excision of Wolfring gland ductal cysts.BMC ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Gender differences in trachomatous scarring prevalence in a formerly trachoma hyperendemic district in Tanzania.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Expanding a photographic grading system for trachomatous scarring.International health · 2023Article
- Modelling morbidity for neglected tropical diseases: the long and winding road from cumulative exposure to long-term pathology.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2023Review
- Trachoma.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2022Review
- Risk factors for the progression of trachomatous scarring in a cohort of women in a trachoma low endemic district in Tanzania.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- The population-based prevalence of trachomatous scarring in a trachoma hyperendemic setting: results from 152 impact surveys in Amhara, Ethiopia.BMC ophthalmology · 2021Article
- Incidence and progression of trachomatous scarring in a cohort of children in a formerly hyper-endemic district of Tanzania.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2020Article
- Clinical signs of trachoma are prevalent among Solomon Islanders who have no persistent markers of prior infection withWellcome open research · 2018Article
- Trachomatous scarring among children in a formerly hyper-endemic district of Tanzania.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2017Article
- Prevalence of signs of trachoma, ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection and antibodies to Pgp3 in residents of Kiritimati Island, Kiribati.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2017Article
- Trachomatous Scarring and Infection With Non-Chlamydia Trachomatis Bacteria in Women in Kongwa, Tanzania.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2017Article
- Trachomatous Scar Ranking: A Novel Outcome for Trachoma Studies.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo determine the 5-year incidence rate of scarring, and associated factors, in the population of Maindi, Tanzania.
methodsA census of every resident was obtained at baseline, and ocular examinations for the presence and severity of trachoma were performed. Images of the upper eyelid were taken and graded for the presence and severity of scarring, according to a four-step severity scale based on photographs. Five years after baseline, a second series of images was taken and graded for scarring. Incident scarring was defined as new scars in those without scarring at baseline; progression was defined as those with scars that worsened by one step or more at 5 years.
resultsThe rate of scarring at baseline increased with age, from 1% in the <6-year to 38% in the 41+-year age group. Females at any age had more scarring than did males. The 5-year incidence rate of scarring was 0.20 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.16-0.25), but varied with age up to 0.43 in the 41+-year group. There was a striking cohort effect, with those aged less than 16 years at baseline having more prevalent scarring and incidence rates comparable to those aged 16 to 40. Progression rates averaged 0.47 (95% CI, 0.36-0.58).
conclusionsIn this trachoma-endemic community, incident scarring was high, especially in the younger cohorts. A dramatic increase in risk of trachomatous scarring occurred approximately 15 years ago and appears to be unabated. Trachoma control programs to reduce risk of scarring are urgently needed to avoid blinding complications in this community.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.