ArticlePhilosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences2009
Introduction. Ecological immunology.
Article in Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 95 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
95 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Effects of immune challenge on expression of life-history and immune trait expression in sexually reproducing metazoans-a meta-analysis.BMC biology · 2020Pooled it
- Host Traits and Avian Malaria Parasites: Understanding the Intrinsic Connections.Integrative zoology · 2026Article
- Whole-genome resequencing reveals genetic divergence, local adaptation, and conservation priorities in three helmet catfishes (complex Cranoglanis bouderius).BMC genomics · 2026Article
- Regional Lassa virus lineages select for divergent MHC-I repertoires in Mastomys natalensis rodents.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Review
- Dynamics of resting metabolic rate and innate immune response in malaria-infected Eurasian siskins.Current zoology · 2025Article
- Neopterin as a Tool for Primate Ecoimmunology: Current Knowledge, Practical Application, and New Directions From Captivity to the Wild.American journal of primatology · 2025Review
- Pathogen-induced damage in Drosophila: Uncoupling disease tolerance from resistance.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- High Quality Diet Enhances Immune Response and Affects Gene Expression During Viral Infection in an Insect Herbivore.Molecular ecology · 2025Article
- Exploring immune memory traits in the social immunity of a fungus-growing ant.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2024Article
- Natural variation in host feeding behaviors impacts host disease and pathogen transmission potential.Ecology and evolution · 2023Article
- How to eliminate pathogen without killing oneself? Immunometabolism of encapsulation and melanization inFrontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Feeding on an exotic host plant enhances plasma levels of phenoloxidase by modulating feeding efficiency in a specialist insect herbivore.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Article
- Size-selective harvesting affects the immunocompetence of guppies exposed to the parasiteProceedings. Biological sciences · 2022Article
- Assessing Fish Immunotoxicity by Means ofFrontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Scared of the dark? Phototaxis as behavioural immunity in a host-parasite system.Biology letters · 2022Article
- Cross-continental experimental infections reveal distinct defence mechanisms in populations of the three-spined sticklebackProceedings. Biological sciences · 2021Article
- Immunotoxicity of Xenobiotics in Fish: A Role for the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR)?International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Article
- Inside the Undergraduate Immunology Classroom: Current Practices that Provide a Framework for Curriculum Consensus.Journal of microbiology & biology education · 2021Article
35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
An organism's fitness is critically reliant on its immune system to provide protection against parasites and pathogens. The structure of even simple immune systems is surprisingly complex and clearly will have been moulded by the organism's ecology. The aim of this review and the theme issue is to examine the role of different ecological factors on the evolution of immunity. Here, we will provide a general framework of the field by contextualizing the main ecological factors, including interactions with parasites, other types of biotic as well as abiotic interactions, intraspecific selective constraints (life-history trade-offs, sexual selection) and population genetic processes. We then elaborate the resulting immunological consequences such as the diversity of defence mechanisms (e.g. avoidance behaviour, resistance, tolerance), redundancy and protection against immunopathology, life-history integration of the immune response and shared immunity within a community (e.g. social immunity and microbiota-mediated protection). Our review summarizes the concepts of current importance and directs the reader to promising future research avenues that will deepen our understanding of the defence against parasites and pathogens.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.