ReviewPhysiological reviews2008
Diffusion in brain extracellular space.
Review in Physiological reviews, 2008. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 733 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Medical Experiment - Assessment of Efficacy & Safety of Local, Targeted Therapy With Neuropeptide Labelled With Alpha Emitter [225Ac]Ac-DOTA-SP (TAT) as Supplementary Therapy in Glioma (WHO G3-G4) Progression
Medical Experiment - Assessment of Efficacy & Safety of Local, Targeted Therapy With Neuropeptide Labelled With Alpha Emitter [225Ac]Ac-DOTA-SP (TAT) as Supplementary Therapy Following Standard Treatment Of Glioma (WHO G3-G4)
Who cites it
733 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,457 citations in OpenAlex.
- Deciphering cell-type-and temporally specific matrisome expression signatures in human cortical development and neurodevelopmental disorders via scRNA-seq meta-analysis.Nature communications · 2025Pooled it
- Variability by region and method in human brain sodium concentrations estimated byScientific reports · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Microstructural and functional plasticity following repeated brain stimulation during cognitive training in older adults.Nature communications · 2023Trial
- Redefining intranasal brain delivery: from nasal entry to meaningful parenchymal and cellular exposure.Drug delivery · 2026Review
- Clinical Soma and Neurite Density Imaging (SANDI): Translational Microstructure Mapping on Clinical 3T MRI Scanners.Magnetic resonance in medicine · 2026Article
- Diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS): redefining its interpretation and role.Japanese journal of radiology · 2026Review
- Chemically modified CRISPR enzymes for multi-organ genome editingbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The CAGE Framework (Calcium-Gated Excitability): From Single Neurotransmitters to Calcium States in the Tumor Microenvironment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Neurovascular Signaling in the Perivascular Space: Biophysical Principles and Disruption in Hypertension.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2026Review
- In-silico solute transport via perivascular networks in the human intracranial space.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The microdialysis-derived lactate-pyruvate gradient indicates anaerobic activity after brain injury.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2026Article
- Flexible Multimodal Neural Probe with Integrated Three-Electrode Aptameric Sensing for In Vivo Monitoring of Dopamine Dynamics and Neural Activity.ACS chemical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Cochlear Aqueduct Advection and Diffusion Inferred from Computed Tomography Imaging with a Bayesian Approach.Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology : JARO · 2026Article
- Steady-state water exchange in neural tissue is primarily passive and through the phospholipid bilayer.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Shrinking of Extracellular Space During Metabolic Stress Accelerates Amyloid-β Aggregation.Biomolecules · 2026Article
- Anomalous Diffusion of Nanoparticles in Semidilute Hyaluronic Acid Solutions.Biomacromolecules · 2026Article
- Modeling Thixotropic Hydrogel Carriers to Limit Healthy-Tissue Exposure via Localized Drug Retention in Chemotherapy.Polymers · 2026Article
- ATP-depleting spreading depolarizations preferentially originate in the somatosensory cortex during in situ energy deprivation.npj metabolic health and disease · 2026Article
- Experimental models of cerebral small vessel disease: Physiological constraints, translational challenges and future directions.The Journal of physiology · 2026Review
673 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Diffusion in the extracellular space (ECS) of the brain is constrained by the volume fraction and the tortuosity and a modified diffusion equation represents the transport behavior of many molecules in the brain. Deviations from the equation reveal loss of molecules across the blood-brain barrier, through cellular uptake, binding, or other mechanisms. Early diffusion measurements used radiolabeled sucrose and other tracers. Presently, the real-time iontophoresis (RTI) method is employed for small ions and the integrative optical imaging (IOI) method for fluorescent macromolecules, including dextrans or proteins. Theoretical models and simulations of the ECS have explored the influence of ECS geometry, effects of dead-space microdomains, extracellular matrix, and interaction of macromolecules with ECS channels. Extensive experimental studies with the RTI method employing the cation tetramethylammonium (TMA) in normal brain tissue show that the volume fraction of the ECS typically is approximately 20% and the tortuosity is approximately 1.6 (i.e., free diffusion coefficient of TMA is reduced by 2.6), although there are regional variations. These parameters change during development and aging. Diffusion properties have been characterized in several interventions, including brain stimulation, osmotic challenge, and knockout of extracellular matrix components. Measurements have also been made during ischemia, in models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and in human gliomas. Overall, these studies improve our conception of ECS structure and the roles of glia and extracellular matrix in modulating the ECS microenvironment. Knowledge of ECS diffusion properties is valuable in contexts ranging from understanding extrasynaptic volume transmission to the development of paradigms for drug delivery to the brain.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.